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ICSM Year 6 COPY Helen Lashwood > Surgery - Breast > Flashcards

Surgery - Breast Flashcards

1
Q

When in the life course is duct ectasia of the breast most common?

A

Menopause

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2
Q

How should duct ectasia be managed?

A

Conservatively
If troublesome can be managed surgically

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of duct ectasia?

A

Tender lump around areola and green nipple discharge

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4
Q

How should fat necrosis be investigated?

A

Imaging
Core biopsy

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5
Q

How does fat necrosis of the breast appear?

A

Firm, round lump –> hard, irregular lump

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6
Q

Which pathogen most commonly causes acute mastitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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7
Q

Recall 2 risk factors for acute mastitis

A

Smoking
Nipple injury

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8
Q

How should lactational mastitis be managed?

A

Simple analgesia
Warm compresses
Continue breastfeeding

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9
Q

How should non-lactational mastitis be managed?

A

1st line: flucloxacillin
2nd line: co-amoxiclav
If MRSA –> trimethoprim

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10
Q

How can breast abscess best be imaged?

A

USS

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11
Q

How should breast abscess be managed?

A

1st - ultrasound-guided aspiration with abx and reassess in 48 hours
(admit for IV abx if acutely unwell)
2nd - Incision and drainage and culture of fluid - usually ONLY if overlying skin necrosis

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12
Q

How big does a fibroadenoma have to be to warrant excision?

A

> 3cm

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13
Q

What is intraductal papilloma of the breast?

A

Local areas of epithelial proliferation in large mammary ducts

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of fibroadenosis of the breast?

A

Lumpy breasts (BL) which may be painful, symptoms may be worse prior to menstruation

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of intraductal papilloma?

A

Clear/blood-stained discharge

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16
Q

How should intraductal papilloma be managed?

A

Microdochectomy

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17
Q

What sort of tumour might arise from a pre-existing fibroadenoma?

A

Phyllodes tumour

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18
Q

Are phyllodes tumours benign or malignant?

A

Usually benign but occasionally behave aggressively

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of phyllodes tumour?

A

Enlarging mass in women >50 years

20
Q

How does radial scar appear on XR?

A

Stellate mass

21
Q

How should radial scar be managed?

A

biposy +/- excision

22
Q

Recall 4 types of breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma
Invasive lobular carcinoma
Ductal carcinoma in-situ
Lobular carcinoa in-situ

23
Q

Which type of breast cancer can demonstrate “comedo necrosis”?

A

DCIS

24
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

An eczematoid change of the nipple associated with an underlying brest malignancy

25
Q

When is the mammography screening in the UK?

A

Age 43-73 every 3 years

26
Q

Recall the 2ww, consider 2ww and no 2ww criteria for breast Ca

A

2ww:
>30y, unexplained breast lump
>50y, any breast changes

Consider 2ww:
- Skin changes suggestive of breast Ca
- >30y, unexplained lump in axilla

Non-2ww:
<30y, unexplained breast lump

27
Q

What makes up the triple assesment for breast Ca?

A
  1. History and exam
  2. Imaging (Mammography >35, USS <35, MRI if implants)
  3. Pathology (FNA, core biopsy)
28
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

75% to lateral axillary nodes
25% to parasternal nodes and opposite breast

29
Q

Which receptors are all invasive breast cancers tested for?

A

Oestrogen receptor
Progesterone receptor
Her2 receptor

30
Q

What receptors are positive/ negative in low vs high grade breast cancers?

A

Low grade: ER+, PR+, Her2-

High grade: Er-, PR-, Her2 pos

31
Q

What is the receptor status of a basal-like carcinoma of the breast?

A

ER, PR and Her2 neg

32
Q

How does surgery for breast Ca differ depending on whether there is clinical axillary lymphadenopathy or not?

A

If there is CAL: axillary node clearance

If no CAL: USS and SLNB +/- axillary node clearance

33
Q

Recall 4 types of breast tumour that can be managed using wide local excision rather than mastectomy

A

Solitary lesion
Peripheral tumour
Small lesion in large breast
DCIS <4cm

34
Q

What are the indications for post-operative radiotherapy in breast Ca?

A

Following any wide local excision
Following a mastectomy IF:
- T3 or T4 OR
- 4 or more pos LNs

35
Q

When is hormone therapy indicated in breast Ca?

A

If ER+

36
Q

What options are there for hormone therapy in breast Ca?

A

If pre/peri-meonpausal –> tamoxifen (SERM)

If post-menopausal –> anastrazole (aromatase inhibitor)

37
Q

Recall some side effects of tamoxifen

A

Amenorrhoea
Endometrial Ca
PV bleed
VTE

38
Q

What is the main side effect of anastrazole to be aware of?

A

Osteroporosis

39
Q

When is biological therapy indicated in the treatment of breast Ca?

A

If Her2 +

40
Q

Recall an example of a biological therapy for breast Ca

A

Trastuzumab (herceptin)

41
Q

What score is used to guide prognosis in breast cancer?

A

Nottingham prognostic index

42
Q

What is the most important prognostic factor for breast cancer?

A

Axillary LN spread

43
Q

Describe the different appearanes of nipple discharge and their causes

A

Green: smokers
Yellow multi-duct: duct ectasia
Blood-stained: malignancy
Milky, bilateral, multi-duct: prolactinoma

44
Q

What are the 2 occasions that an MRI would be used to investigate breast cancer?

A

Any malignancy suspected after USS in women <40y
Lobular cancers

45
Q

At what size should excision be offered for a breast fibroadenoma?

A

> 3cm

46
Q

How does the adjuvant medical treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer depending on whether a woman is pre- or post-menopausal?

A

Pre-menopausal: tamoxifen
Post-menopausal: anastrazole

ICSM Year 6 COPY Helen Lashwood (20 decks)

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