Surgery and anatomy Flashcards
The story of how people think the human body worked and what operations people were able to carry out to help disease
Who was Abulcasis
Muslim surgeon who was considered the ‘father of modern surgery’
wrote a 30 volume medical book Al Tasrif, 1000
He invented 26 new surgical procedures
ThePractice of Surgery
Who was Frugardi?
Wrote The Practise of Surgery in 1180, which was widely used in Europe
Warned against trepanning and attempted ambitious operations on the chest, and in attempting to remove bladder stones
Who was Hugh of Lucca (and his son Theodoric)?
Famous sugeons from Bologna
Wrote a book in 1267 criticising the common view that puss was needed for wounds to heal
Used wine to reduce the chance of infection
Ideas didn’t spread since they went against the Hippocratic method of medicine
Who was pof. Mondino de Luizzi?
1315: he supervised a public disection in Bologna
1316: he wrote Anathomia, which became a standard disection manual for over 200 years
Disections were only done in European Unis for the purpose of proving Galen right, when the body didn’t math his desciption, which it invariably did, they believed there must be something wrong with the body
Who was De Chaulic?
A famous, contemporary surgeon
1363: wrote Great Surgery, which dominated English and French surgical knowledge for 200 years
Contained references to Islamic Scholars like Avicenna
Spent a lot f time in the book criticising Theodoric of Lucca’s idead of preventing infection
Was the main reason those ideas didn’t catch on
quoted Galen 980 times in his book!
Who was John of Arderne?
Famous surgeon who wrote Practica, a surgical mannual, in 1376
Based on Greek and Arab knowledge and his experience in Hundred Year War
Used opium and henbane during his surgeries
Charged a large fee for the operations he developed eg. treating the anal abscesses lots of knights had after spending long times on horseback
1368: he formed The Guild of Surgeons to try to seperate surgeons and lower-class barabers
When was Andreus Versalius born and when did he die?
He was born in 1514
and died 1564
Who was Andreus Vesalius academically?
Belgian medical student who became Prof. of Anatomy at the University of Padua
What book did Vesalius write in 1543, and what also happened to him in this year?
He wrote Fabric of the Human Body in 1543, the same year he ecame a Prof. at the Uni of Padua.
What did Vesalius discover from his numerous dissections?
He found many mistakes in Galen’s writing when compared to his own observations of the body
Why did Vesalius think Galen’s conclusions of anatomy were likely wrong?
They were based on animal dissections
Why were Vesalius’ lectures popular?
He explained Galen’s mistake and corrected it using his own findings.
What made Vesalius’ book quite popular?
His book was well-organised with many precise diagrams
Why was Vesalius’ book heavily criticised and what did this lead to?
His book upturned all previous medical knowledge of the west, and such heavy crititcism forced him to leave his job in Padua
After being forced to leave his job in Padua, what work did Vesalius find?
He became doctor to Emporer Charles V, showing how well respected his work was by some powerful people.
What did Thomas Geminus have to do with Vesalius?
He was an Italian painter who published Compendiosa: a compendium of Vesalius’ illustrations.
What was the effect of Geminus’ publication of Vesalius’ illustrations?
The illustrations were circulated all over Europe in the 1500s and was largely used by illiterate Barber Surgeons, making surgery safer, and using contemporary conclusions.
How much change did Andreus Vesalius have in anatomy?
His work didn’t immediatley lead to medical cures however, by proving Galen wrong, he laid the foundations for future development.
Took a while for his books to be circulated, and even longer to be accep
What are the themes we can link Vesalius to?
Individuals
Communication
Science and Technology
When was Ambroise Pare born and when did he die?
1510-1590
Introduce Pare
He was a french army surgeon for 20 years and served many French kings, becoming one of the most famous surgeons in Europe
What did Pare, working as an army soldier, do in 1537?
He ran out of the hot oil used to treat bullet wounds, thought it would stop any poisoning from the lead bullets.
Pare made a cream to treat the soldier, and found he had a faster, less painful recovery.
How did Pare make his cream?
Used rose oil, eggwhite and turpentine
What did Pare do in 1545?
He challenged the accepted method of using hot oil to treat wounds and wrote a book on his method in 1545
What was bec de corbin?
The Crow’s Beak was a clamp made by Pare to halt bleeding while blood vessels were being tied, since he promoted the use of ligatures, like Galen had, rather than cauterisation
Although ligatures at the time often led to infection
When did Pare write a book, what was it called, and what did it contain?
1575
Works on Surgery
About his method for treating wounds, he had faced with injured soldiers, and he had translated some of Vesalius’ work in his book
Also came up with early prostetics
Where was Pare’s book placed, and what does this show?
A translated version of his book was given to The Library of the Barber Sugeons in 1591, showing this was when his discoveries were widley accepted.
When was Pare’s book published in England?
1634
Who was William Clowes and how did he view Pare?
He was Queen Elizabeth 1’s surgeon and admired Pare as the ‘famous surgeon master’.
what themes could Pare be linked to?
Individuals
War
Chance/luck
Communication
When was William Harvey born and when did he die?
1578-1657
Who was William Harvey?
An English Doctor who studied at Cambridge and Padua and became doctor to King Charles 1 in 1632
When did Wilaim Harvey begin work in St Bartholemew’s Hospital in London?
1609
How and who did Willaim Harvey use to help him counter Galen’s theory?
He used precise experimentation, mathmatical calculations and the previous works of Al Nafiz and Vesalius
