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Exchange surfaces > surfaces > Flashcards

surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

what factors affect the need for an exchange system?

A

size
SA to V ratio
level of activity

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2
Q

what adaptations give a large SA to V ratio

A

shape of body e.g flatworm

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3
Q

how should SA to V be represented

A

ratio: 1

e. g 2.5:1

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4
Q

what are the features of a good exchange surface?

A

A large surface area through folding

a thin barrier

a good blood supply

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5
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

a layer of muscle beneath the lungs

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6
Q

what are the intercostal muscles

A

muscles between the ribs

contraction raises ribcage.

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7
Q

what gives lungs a large surface area?

A

the number of alveoli makes the total SA more than that of our skin 70m^2
it is lined by moisture preventing from collapse.

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8
Q

permeability of lungs

A

barrier is comprised of alveoli wall and capillary wall which allow diffusion as o2 and CO2 molecules are small and non polar

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9
Q

thin barrier of lungs

A 
alveolus 1 cell thick
capillary wall 1 cell thick
both walls squamous cells
both walls in close contact 
narrow capillary so blood cell closer to air
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10
Q

blood supply to the lungs

A

CO2 transported to lungs

O2 transported away from lungs

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11
Q

Inspiration

A 
diaphragm contracts moving down
intercostal muscles contract raise ribs
volume of chest increases 
pressure is chest drops
air moves in
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12
Q

Expiration

A 
diaphragm relaxes and is pushed up
intercostal muscles relax and ribs fall (or can contract during coughing)
volume of chest decreased 
pressure in lungs increases
air forced out
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13
Q

cartilage

A

form of connective tissue

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14
Q

elastic fibres

A

protein fibres that deform and recoil to original size

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15
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle

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16
Q

what helps push air out during expiration?

A

elastic fibres in the alveoli walls

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17
Q

what are the requirements of the airways?

A

be large enough for sufficient air flow
be supported to prevent collapse
be flexible for air movement

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18
Q

how are the airways supported

A

by c shaped rings of cartilage allowing flexibility

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19
Q

the bronchioles

A

narrower that bronchi
larger ones have some cartilage but smaller ones have none
comprised of smooth muscle and elastic fibres

20
Q

how can the air flow be controled

A

by the contraction of the smooth muscle making the lumen narrow

21
Q

why is controlling air flow important

A

if there is harmful substances in the air

22
Q

what elongates the smooth muscle after contraction?

A

the elastic fibres

23
Q

oxygen uptake

A

the volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute

24
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath usually at rest

25
Q

spirometer

A

a device that can measure movement of air into and out of the lungs

26
Q

vital capacity

A

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible

27
Q

what does a float chamber spirometer consist of

A

a chamber of air or medical grade oxygen floating on a tank of water
movement of lid is measured

28
Q

what happens to the exhaled air

A

it passes through a soda lime which absorbs CO2

29
Q

precautions with spirometer

A 
healthy subject
fresh soda lime
no air leaks
sterilised mouth piece
water chamber not overfilled
30
Q

what does vital capacity depend on?

A

the size of the person
the age
level of exercise

31
Q

what is residual volume

A

volume of air that remains in lungs after forced expiration

aprox 1.5dm^3

32
Q

how can we find rate of O2 uptake?

A

CO2 is absorbed by soda lime so the volume in the tank decreases therefore by finding the gradient of the decrease we can find the rate of decrease

33
Q

breathing rate

A

breaths per min

34
Q

filaments

A

slender branches of tissue that make up the gill often called primary lamellae

35
Q

lamellae

A

folds of the filament to increase SA sometimes called secondary lamellae

36
Q

operculum

A

bony flap that covers and protects the gills

37
Q

spiracle

A

external opening that allows air in and out of tracheae

38
Q

tracheal system

A

a system of air filled tubes in insects

39
Q

how does O2 concentration in water compare to air

A

its lower

40
Q

what provides a large surface area on the gills?

A

the lamellae folds on the fillaments

41
Q

point of counter current flow

A

to absorb the maximum amount of oxygen from water

42
Q

how is water pushed over the gills

A

the bucal cavity opens and closes pushing water down and movement of operculum is coordinated with this movement

43
Q

how do insects transport oxygen?

A

with an open circulatory system acting as both blood and tissue fluid

44
Q

airs pathway through the insect

A

enters through spiracle and enters tracheal system first through trachea the branch of into tracheoles filled with tracheal fluid were gas exchange takes place

45
Q

ventilation in insects

A

sections of trachea system expands and contracts

movement of wings alter volume of thorax

Exchange surfaces (1 decks)

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