Surface Forces that shape the Earth

Question 1

What is the meaning of the word ‘abrasion’?

Answer 1

the wearing away of river banks and bed by river’s load

Question 2

What is the meaning of the word ‘load’?

Answer 2

the lose material transported in the river

Question 3

What is the meaning of the word ‘delta’?

Answer 3

semi-circular area of sand and slit deposited at the mouth of a river

Question 4

What is meaning of the word ‘floodplain’?

Answer 4

wide and flat area in a river valley that is sometimes covered by food water

Question 5

What is the meaning of the word ‘levee’?

Answer 5

deposition on top of a river bank formed when rivers flood

Question 6

What is the meaning of the word ‘meander’?

Answer 6

large bends in the shape of a river

Question 7

What are ox-bow lakes?

Answer 7

the remains of a meander after being cut off by river erosion

Question 8

What is a ‘slit’?

Answer 8

fine material carried in a river

Question 9

What is ‘erosion’?

Answer 9

the wearing away of the Earth’s surface y movement of objects scouring the surface such as water, wind, ice, etc.

Question 10

What is ‘deposition’?

Answer 10

all the lose materials, formed by weathering and erosion, gets built up

Question 11

What is a simpler definition of deposition?

Answer 11

a pile of rocks formed by rocks falling

Question 12

What is rule for erosion?

Answer 12

soft rock erodes and hard rock doesn’t

Question 13

What is ‘weathering’?

Answer 13

all the processes that break down the Earth’s surface by forces linked to weather

Question 14

What are the 2 most common forms of weathering?

Answer 14

Frost shattering
Exfoliation

Question 15

What are the two scales of weathering, and explain what they do.

Answer 15

Small scale weathering: removes ne grain at a time
Large scale weathering: large pieces of rock break away away from mountains and crashes down slopes

Question 16

What is the process of frost shattering?

Answer 16

Water forms in the crevices of mountains. With the constant change of temperature, the water constantly freezes and melts causing the rocks to crack.
Happens in mountainous regions.

Question 17

How does the process of exfoliation occur and what does it do?

Answer 17

Extream day temperatures cause rock layer to expand, from cooler parts of the rocks.
The temperature then drops quickly which then causes outer layers of the rock to cool and contract
Constant expansion ad contraction weakens the rock and the layers then flake off

Question 18

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering?

Answer 18

Carbonation
Oxidation

Question 19

What does chemical weathering do?

Answer 19

it changes the chemical composition of minerals in rock which then weakens the rock causing it to break off

Question 20

Explain the process of carbonation.

Answer 20

1. Rain which passes through the atmosphere mixes with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid
2. this attacks minerals in limestone (calcium carbonate) to form dissolved limestone ( calcium bicarbonate)
3. Dissolved limestone is soluble, meaning it then gets washed away

Question 21

Explain the process of oxidation.

Answer 21

Oxygen mixes with water combined with chemicals in rock to form oxides .It contains a lot of iron oxidations which then forms a brown substance (rust)
Oxidation weakens rock and causes it to crumble

Question 22

What are the human contributions to soil erosion?

Answer 22

Agriculture
Construction
Mining

Question 23

What processes cause soil erosion due to agriculture?

Answer 23

1. Removing natural vegetation
2. Ploughing land loosens the soil making it get washed away or blown away
3. Growing one type of crop cause only one type of mineral to be used up in the soil, weakening the soil
4. keeping many animals which over-graze ( loss of plant coverage increases soil erosion)

Question 24

What are the main points of the impacts of humans on chemicals weathering?

Answer 24

1. The burning fossil fuels to power vehicles and create electricity
2. Carbon dioxide is then released into the air (because of burning fossil fuels)
3. Chemicals dissolve in clouds increasing weathering
4. Rain from clouds is ‘acid rain’ ( a from of human cause f chemical weathering)
5. Acid rain damages plant and harms fishes

Question 25

What are the labels of a waterfall?

Answer 25

Hard rock
soft rock
plunge pool
fallen rock
overhang

Question 26

What are the labels of an ox-bow and meander?

Answer 26

meander
erosion
deposition
ox-bow
neck
new channel