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Anatomy > Surface anatomy and the skull > Flashcards

Surface anatomy and the skull Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the skull

A

22

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2
Q

Which bones are excluded from the skull?

A

the ossicles - tiny bones in middle ear cavity

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3
Q

Give 2 single bones

A

mandible and sphenoid bone

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4
Q

Give 4 paired bones

A

maxilla, palatine, temple and zygomatic bone

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5
Q

What is the cranium

A

the skull WITHOUT the mandible (ie 21 bones)

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6
Q

What does the cranium have

A

1) the case of bone which encloses the brain (THE BRAIN CASE)
2) the base of the skull
3) part of facial skeleton hanging from undersurface of base of skull

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7
Q

What part does the mandible contribute to

A

rest of the facial skeleton

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8
Q

In the mandible, what is the condylar process, where does it lie and what does it have

A

1) part of the TMJ
2) more posteriorly
3) a head and a neck

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9
Q

In the mandible, what is the coronoid process, where does it lie

A

1) process attaching temporalis muscle

2) more anterior

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10
Q

How does the mandible connect to the cranium?

A

by the left + right TMJs

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11
Q

In the mandible, what is the ramus of the mandible

A

large quadrilateral portion located posterior to the teeth

mandible has a right and a left ramus (each with its own condylar and coronoid process)

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12
Q

What is the temporalis muscle?

A

large muscle on side of head which is used in biting

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13
Q

In the mandible, what is the angle of the mandible

A

the inferior corner of the ramus of the mandible

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14
Q

In the mandible, what is the mental foramen, where does it lie, give the greek origin

A

1) transmits the mental nerve (a sensory nerve which is a branch of the IA nerve) which supplies some of the soft tissues in chin region
2) near the chin
3) mentum is greek for chin

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15
Q

In the mandible, what are the mandibular foramina, where do they lie

A

1) transmit the right and left… IA nerve, artery + vein

2) one in the inner surface of each ramus

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16
Q

In the mandible, what is the body of the mandible

A

part of the mandible with the teeth in it (everything anterior to the ramus)

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17
Q

What role does the IA nerve have

A

supplies all lower teeth + some gingivae on their labial and buccal aspects

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18
Q

What is an IA nerve block (aka inferior dental block)

A

where you anaesthetise the IA nerve as it emerges from the mandibular foramen
most common nerve block used in dental practice

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19
Q

In the mandible, what are alveolar ridges

A

alveolar bone running round upper surface of body of mandible surrounding roots of teeth

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20
Q

In the mandible, what is the mandibular notch / fossa?

A

indentation found between condylar and coronoid processes

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21
Q

In the mandible, what is the lingula and how can it interfere with IA nerve blocks

A

1) tongue like small projection of bone

2) attaches the sphelomandibular ligament (this runs from sphenoid bone to mandible)

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22
Q

In the temporal bone, what is the mastoid process, where does it lie, give greek origin

A

1) attaches sternocleidomastoid muscle
2) at bottom of the bone
3) mastos is greek for breast

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23
Q

In the temporal bone, what is the styloid process, where does it lie

A

1) looks like a stylus and attaches several small muscles

2) sticks downwards

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24
Q

what is the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

part of the temple bone which has hearing apparatus and organs of balance embedded w/in it (nerves going to these organs run through it too)
‘petrous’ because it is the HARDEST part of bone in the body (rock hard)
this part of the temporal bone contributes to the base of the skull

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25
Q

Where does the base of the skull lie

A

immediately under the brain

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26
Q

what does the temporal bone articulate with

A

the (condylar process of the ramus of the) mandible at the TMJ

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27
Q

How does the external ear canal relate to the temporal bone

A

it passes through here on its way to the ear drum (tympanic membrane)

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28
Q

What are the TMJs

A

joint between the mandible and cranium where mandible articulates with cranium
most complex joints in the body

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29
Q

Explain TMJ disorders

A

TMJs are prone to disorders that can affect the effective functioning of the dentition (~40% of population have problems during life and ~4% have treatment related to disorders of these joints)

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30
Q

Where is the head of the mandible when the mouth is closed

A

in the mandibular fossa

THIS is resting position

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31
Q

What is the mandibular fossa

A

concavity / depression on undersurface of temporal bone

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32
Q

Where is the head of the mandible when the mouth is open

A

the articular eminence (bc the head of the mandible has undergone rotation and slides forward)

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33
Q

what is the articular eminence

A

projection of the temporal bone on its undersurface

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34
Q

what is anterior dislocation of the TMJ

A

where the condylar head can slide in front of the articular eminence when mouth is opened too far and cannot get it back into its normal position without help so your mouth will be stuck wide open

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35
Q

why are 2 people required to put the head of mandible back into resting position?

A

muscles attaching to mandible to pull it up during biting go into spasm when tmj is dislocated constantly trying to pull it up SO need to apply force to the mandible to move it backwards

36
Q

how do you get the head of mandible back into resting position?

A

person 1) press down on mandibular molar teeth

person 2) slides mandible backwards

37
Q

how can dislocation occur

A

most likely though external force (ie punch) but can be done by yawning

38
Q

explain the structure of the maxillae

A

bears the upper teeth
it is hollow and the air-filled space inside it is called the maxillary air sinus
maxillary air space is the largest of all bones in the skull

39
Q

what are the air sinuses

A

resonating chambers which change the nature of your voice
can fill up w mucus when you get a cold
they can get INFECTED

40
Q

what is the problem with maxillary air sinus infection and how may dentists cause infection

A

1) can develop maxillary sinusitis

2) make communication between maxillary air sinus + oral cavity when extracting a maxillary molar allowing infection

41
Q

explain the effects of maxillary sinusitis

A

stimulates nerves supplying upper teeth (run just deep to mucosa lining the maxillary air sinus) and the brain interprets this stimulation as pain coming from the teeth

42
Q

what is the effect of maxillary sinusitis an example of

A

REFERRED dental PAIN

patient feels the pain originated in the teeth when its actually being caused elsewhere

43
Q

pain generated at one site but perceived as arising from another is described as

A

REFERRED pain

44
Q

which foramen lies in the maxilla (one on each side)

A

INFRAORBITAL foramen

45
Q

what is the infraorbital foramen and where do they lie

A

1) transmits the end of the infraorbital nerve which supplies the upper teeth
2) under (infra) the orbits (orbital)

46
Q

what is an infraorbital nerve block

A

anesthetising some sensory nerves supplying the upper teeth which are around this foramen
BUT need to know where the foramen is and not to push the needle in too far ie into the orbit

47
Q

what would the effect of injecting anesthetic solution into the orbit

A

muscles moving eyeball temporarily paralysed

causing DOUBLE vision (DIPLOPIA)

48
Q

what does it mean to have high cheekbones

A

not necessarily prominent zygomatic arches

INSTEAD its the thickness (mainly fat) of soft tissues lying superficial to the bone that determines appearance of the face (inc cheekbones)

49
Q

what do zygomatic bones associate with

A

temple bones

50
Q

what is the zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic process of TEMPLE BONE which sticks forward to articulate with the zygomatic bone producing an arch of bone

it is easy to fracture

51
Q

which muscle runs downward passing deep to the zygomatic arch before attaching to coronoid process of the mandible

A

the temporalis muscle

52
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

when bone is broken into 2+ / several fragments

53
Q

what is the zygomatic bone and where is it located

A

contributes to profile of the face and to the orbit and affects configuration of soft tissues overlying it

54
Q

what is the orbit

A

the space occupied by the eye

55
Q

which bones contribute to the orbit

A

zygomatic, upper surface of the maxillaa and top of the sphenoid

56
Q

what is the sphenoid bone, where does lie

A

1) complex bone likened to the shape of a butterfly and has some important muscles attached to it
also has fissures and foramina which transmit important structures
2) in base of skull just anterior to the petrous part of the temple bone

57
Q

what projections does the sphenoid bone have

A

more superior prominent projections stick outwards
2 either side
2 greater wings
2 lesser wings
also has downward projections which connect some muscles used in chewing

58
Q

the oral cavity and the mouth are…

A

NOT THE SAME THING

59
Q

what is the oral cavity

A

contained within the mouth, bounded on 3 sides (anterior, right, left) by the teeth in the upper and lower dental arches
SO it cannot be seen when the teeth are occluded

60
Q

what is the space inside the mouth outside of the dental arches called?

A

the VESTIBULE of the mouth

61
Q

what does the oral cavity open into posteriorly?

A

the PHARYNX (connects mouth to oesophagus)

62
Q

where does the vestibule of the mouth lie

A

between the teeth and cheeks laterally and teeth and lips anteriorly

63
Q

what are sulci in the vestibule of the mouth

A

sulci are gutters created when mucosa lining the cheeks and lips arches over to form the roof and floor of the vestibule before reflecting onto the gingivae
there is superior sulcus AND inferior sulcus

64
Q

what are buccal sulci

A

where vestibule is associated w the CHEEKS

there are inferior and superior versions

65
Q

what are labial sulci

A

where vestibule is associated w the LIPS

there are inferior and superior versions

66
Q

what are the buccal and labial frenula

A

small folds of mucosa passing between the gingivae and the cheeks/lips

67
Q

what is the lingual frenulum

A

ligamentus like structure in the midline of the tongue (seen when its lifted up)
this limits how far up you can lift tongue from floor of mouth

68
Q

what is ankyloglossia (tongue tie)

A

condition where lingual frenulum is abnormally short
causes reduced mobility of the tongue which can affect speech
treated by surgery

69
Q

what are sublingual folds (theres right and left ones)

A

folds raised in floor of mouth when lift tongue
these have submandibular salivary gland DUCTS running through them
theyre raised when lift tongue up because ducts are being pulled upwards

70
Q

what are the 2 distinct parts of the tongue

A

1) anterior 2/3 (largest)

2) posterior 1/3 (difficult to see - directed into the pharynx)

71
Q

what is the SULCUS TERMINALIS

A

junction between the 2 parts of the tongue
its a V shaped boundary forming a groove on the tongues dorsal surface

where the 2 parts are fused together

72
Q

explain the nerve supply to the tongue

A

both parts have different nerve supplies (consequence of their different embryological origins)

73
Q

what 2 parts make up the palate

A

1) larger more anterior hard palate

2) most posterior soft palate (muscular, tendinous, attaches to posterior border of hard palate)

74
Q

how many bones contribute to the hard palate

A

4 (2 on left, 2 on right)

75
Q

which bones are they

A

most anterior 2 = part of the maxilla

most posterior 2 = part of the palatine bone

76
Q

what are sutures

A

immobile joints where the bones of the harder palate join together
theyre ONLY found in the skull and theres lots of them

77
Q

How do the right and left halves of the palate develop from being an embryo

A

in embryo = 2 separate structures

then = 2 sides migrate towards each other fusing in the mid-line

78
Q

what happens if the process of the 2 sides of a palate fusing together goes wrong

A

cleft palate and/or cleft lip

79
Q

in the neck, what is the hyoid bone, what bones does it articulate with

A

1) U shaped bone 2/3cm below the mandible suspended by muscles attaching to it
important for swallowing and speech
2) NONE

80
Q

in the neck, what is the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle

A

large muscle
starts at the CLAVICLES and STERNUM before running up and out to insert into MASTOID process of the temple bone (just behind your ears)

81
Q

what hangs from the hyoid bone

A

the larynx (and the trachea hangs from this)

82
Q

what is the relevance of the thyroid gland here

A

contributes to larynx’s nerve supply
imp in controlling metabolism
located below larynx and wrapped around anterior and lateral aspects of the upper trachea

83
Q

what 2 large vessels lie either side of the larynx

A

1) common carotid arteries = main blood vessels carrying blood to head + neck, they branch
2) internal jugular veins

84
Q

what does the larynx contribute to

A

tube like structure felt in anterior aspect of neck (between right and left sternocleidomastoid)

85
Q

where may you find pulse points on the head and neck

A

temporal pulse
facial pulse
carotid pulse

86
Q

what is the problem that could arise from pulpating the both right and left carotid pulse at the same time

A

there are sensors for blood pressure where common carotid divides
SO if rub on these areas hard the brain thinks blood pressure has inc’d so reduces heart rate + force of contraction to reduce pressure (makes you feel faint / pass out)

Anatomy (7 decks)

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