Surface Anatomy and terminology

Question 1

Abduction

Answer 1

movement away from the midline

Question 2

Adduction

Answer 2

movement closer or toward midline

Question 3

Flexion

Answer 3

bending to decrease angle between bones

Question 4

Extension

Answer 4

bending to increase angle between bones

Question 5

Inversion

Answer 5

turning a body inward

Question 6

Eversion

Answer 6

turning a body outward

Question 7

Pronation

Answer 7

movement of turning to face downward

Question 8

Supination

Answer 8

movement of turning to face upward

Question 9

Dorsiflexion

Answer 9

pointing toes upwards towards the shin (lifting up)

Question 10

Plantar flexion

Answer 10

pointing toes down and away from the shin

Question 11

Supine

Answer 11

patient lies with the posterior or dorsal surface closest to the image receptor (IR)

Question 12

Prone

Answer 12

patient lies with the anterior or ventral surface near the IR

Question 13

What is positioning terminology?

Answer 13

• Relates to posture of the patient
• Relates to specific placement of the body in relation to the imaging table/IR/X-ray tube
• Describes how we position our patients for imaging examinations

Question 14

Oblique

Answer 14

patient is neither prone nor supine but between the two.

Question 15

Right anterior oblique

Answer 15

Patient is semi-prone with right side closest to IR

Question 16

Left anterior oblique

Answer 16

patient is semi prone with left side closest to IR

Question 17

Right posterior oblique

Answer 17

patient is semi prone with right side closest to IR

Question 18

Left posterior oblique

Answer 18

patient is semi supine with left side closest to IR

Question 19

Decubitus

Answer 19

the patient is lying down and the central x-ray is horizontal

Question 20

Dorsal decubitus

Answer 20

patient is supine with the film on the indicated side. Results in a lateral projection/image

Question 21

Ventral decubitus

Answer 21

patient is prone with the film on the indicated side. Results in a lateral projection/image.

Question 22

lateral decubitus

Answer 22

patient is on their side with the film either in front or behind, the raised side is indicated. Results in AP/PA projection/image

Question 23

Antero posterior (AP) projection

Answer 23

• The beam enters the anterior surface of the body exits the posterior surface

Question 24

Posterior anterior (PA) projection

Answer 24

-The beam enters the posterior surface of the body exits the anterior surface
-This is the routine position for a chest X-ray

Question 25

Lateral projection

Answer 25

• The beam enters from either lateral aspect. The side is denoted by the side closes to the film
• This projection is becoming less common when imaging the chest, however it is still a standard projection in exams such as spines

Question 26

Axial projection

Answer 26

• Any projection in which the central ray is along the axis of a bone/joint. This usually requires angulation of the x-ray beam
• Common place when imaging the skull and shoulder. Often used in adaptive technique situations

Question 27

What are surface landmarks?

Answer 27

• Allow location of internal structures
• Allow “sensitive” location of positioning points
• Standardisation of positioning

Question 28

SURFACE LANDMARKS + INTERNAL BODY STRUCTURE

Answer 28

Mastoid tips- C1 vertebral body

Angles of mandibles- C2-C3 intervertebral disc space

Thyroid cartilage- C4 vertebral body

Sternal notch- T2-T3 intervertebral disc space

Sternal angle- T4-T5 intervertebral disc space

Inferior angle of scapula- T7 vertebral body

Xiphisternal juntion- T9-TIO intervertebral disc space

Lower costal margin- L3 vertebral body

Umbilicus- L3-L4 intervertebral disc space (not very reliable)

Iliac crests- L4-L5 intervertebral disc space

Anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS)- 52 second sacral segment

Symphysis pubis/greater trochanters- Соссух