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Human Anatomy > Surface Anatomy > Flashcards

Surface Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Does the “Anatomical Position” apply to anterior view, posterior view, or both?

A

Both

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1
Q

Define the “Anatomical Position”.

A
  • Looking forward
  • Standing upright
  • Palms forwards
  • Feet pointing forwards
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2
Q

Define Median Plane.

A

A vertical slice through the body from front to back, right through the middle. Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

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3
Q

Define Coronal Plane.

A

Divides the body into front and back sections.

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4
Q

Define Horizontal/Transverse Plane.

A

Divides the body into top and bottom sections.

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5
Q

Define Oblique Plane.

A

Not a vertical or horizontal plane but at an angle.

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6
Q

Define Superior.

A

Nearer to head.

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7
Q

Define Inferior.

A

Nearer to feet

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8
Q

Define Anterior.

A

Nearer to front.

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9
Q

Define Posterior.

A

Nearer to back.

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10
Q

Define Medial.

A

Nearer the median plane.

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11
Q

Define Lateral.

A

Farther from the median plane.

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12
Q

Define Proximal.

A

Nearer the trunk or point of origin.

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13
Q

Define Distal.

A

Farther from the trunk or point of origin.

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14
Q

Define Superficial.

A

Nearer to or on the surface.

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15
Q

Define Deep.

A

Farther from the surface.

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16
Q

Define Dorsum.

A

Dorsal surface part of hand or foot.

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17
Q

Define Palm.

A

Palmar surface of the hand.

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18
Q

Define Sole.

A

Plantar surface of the foot.

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19
Q

Where is the head in relation to the feet?

A

The head is superior to the feet.

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20
Q

Where is the brain in relation to the skull?

A

The brain is deep to the skull.

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21
Q

Where is the heart in relation to the belly button?

A

The heart is superior and deep to the belly button.

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22
Q

Where are the fingers in relation to the elbow?

A

The fingers are distal to the elbow.

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23
Q

Why are vertebral levels used as a way of defining the location of a structure in the vertical plane?

A

The vertebrae are the only anatomical structures that are consistent between the thorax, abdomen and pelvis.

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24
Q

From top to bottom of the spine, what are the four sections of vertebrae?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral.

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25
Q

How many Cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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26
Q

How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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27
Q

How many Lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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28
Q

How many Sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5

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29
Q

Define the Head & Neck region.

A

This region extends from the top of the head superiorly to the clavicle (collarbone) inferiorly.

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30
Q

Define the Thorax region.

A

Extends from the collarbone superiorly to the level of the diaphragm inferiorly on the anterior surface of the body.

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31
Q

Define the Abdomen region.

A

This extends from the level of the diaphragm superiorly to the inguinal ligament inferiorly on the anterior surface of the body.

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32
Q

Define the Upper limb (arm) region.

A

This region on each side consists of the scapula (shoulder blade), arm, forearm and hand.

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33
Q

Define the Lower limb (leg) region.

A

This region on each side consists of the gluteal region (bottom), thigh, leg, lower leg and foot.

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34
Q

Name the 3 abdominal boundary lines.

A

Transpyloric plane, Transtubercular plane and the Midclavicular line.

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35
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A
  • Right Hypochondrium
  • Epigastrum
  • Left Hypochondrium
  • Right lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Left lumbar
  • Right iliac fossa
  • Hypogastrum
  • Left iliac fossa
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36
Q

The skeleton consists of what 2 types of connective tissue?

A

Bone & cartilage.

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37
Q

What are the skeleton and its component bones 4 main functions?

A
  • Protection of major organs
  • Forming the mechanical basis for movement
  • Haemopoesis
  • Storage of salts in bone
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38
Q

What are the 2 types of mature bone?

A

Compact & spongy

39
Q

Describe Compact bone.

A

Strong and dense. All the bones in the body have a superficial, thin layer of it.

40
Q

Describe Spongy bone.

A

Less dense than compact bone with numerous air spaces that form the core of most bones.

41
Q

Describe cartilage compared to bone.

A

Not as strong but more flexible. Lacks the blood and nerve supply bone has, instead relying on diffusion to obtain nutrients and oxygen.

42
Q

Describe the 3 types of cartilage found in the skeleton.

A

Hyaline Cartilage – This is the most widely present type of cartilage in the body.
Fibrocartilage – This type is tougher and more flexible than hyaline cartilage.
Elastic cartilage – This is highly resilient due to the elastic fibres contained in its structure.

43
Q

What is the pelvis protected and supported by?

A

The hip bone.

44
Q

How do the male and female hip bone differ?

A

The female pelvis is flatter and wider than the males.

45
Q

Which vertebrae levels does the heart cover?

A

T5-T9

46
Q

Which intercostal space is the apex of the heart usually located?

A

5th

47
Q

What vessel connected to the heart provides the systemic outflow?

A

The Aorta

48
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is a muscular dome that separates the thorax from the abdomen.

49
Q

While at rest the highest point of the diaphragm is level with what vertebrae?

A

T9

50
Q

What does contraction of the diaphragm do?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm flattens it. This increases the volume of the thorax and aids inspiration.

51
Q

Where does the aorta arise from?

A

The left ventricle of the heart.

52
Q

Which vertebrae is the arch of the aorta level with?

A

T4

53
Q

What vertebral levels do the lungs sit between?

A

T1-T12

54
Q

What does the Gastrointestinal tract consists of?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Rectum
55
Q

The point where the oesophagus passes through the diaphragm is susceptible to what?

A

Herniation of the stomach into the thorax.

56
Q

What provides the low pH environment in the stomach and why is this useful?

A

The low pH environment is provided by gastric secretions, and aids digestion and provides an important physiological barrier against pathogens.

57
Q

At the junction between the oesophagus and stomach there is a band of muscle attached to the diaphragm. What is it called and what does it do?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter - Further increases tension produced by the oesophageal wall that prevents reflux of the stomach’s contents into the oesophagus.

58
Q

Name the 3 stomach areas from top to bottom.

A
  • The fundus
  • The body
  • The antrum
59
Q

Name the 3 parts the small intestine is divided into from top to bottom?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
60
Q

What separates the stomach and duodenum?

A

The pyloric sphincter.

61
Q

Name the 4 parts of the duodenum.

A
  • Superior
  • Descending
  • Horizontal
  • Ascending
62
Q

What separates the duodenum and the jejunum?

A

The duodenojejunal junction.

63
Q

Where are the Liver and Gall bladder found?

A

In the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, directly beneath the diaphragm.

64
Q

What does the bile the liver produces do?

A

Facilitates the digestion of lipids.

65
Q

Where is concentrated bile stored until needed?

A

The gall bladder.

66
Q

From start to end name the 3 sections of the large intestine.

A
  • Caecum
  • Colon
  • Rectum
67
Q

Where does the caecum begin and in what quadrant is this situated?

A

It begins at the ileocaecal junction in the right inferior quadrant.

68
Q

Which section of the large intestine is the appendix attached to?

A

The caecum.

69
Q

Name from start to end the 4 parts of the colon.

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
70
Q

At which vertebrae does the rectum begin?

A

S3.

71
Q

What does the rectum store?

A

Faecal mass.

72
Q

Which section of the large intestine is continuous inferiorly with the anal canal?

A

The rectum.

73
Q

What are the main roles of the spleen?

A
  • Filtration of blood
  • Removing old red blood cells
  • Collecting antigens
74
Q

What is the spleen?

A

The spleen is a secondary lymphoid tissue and a vital component of the immune system.

75
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the stomach.

A

The stomach lies in the upper half of the abdomen, across the midline into the left hypochondrium.

76
Q

Which abdominal region is the caecum located in?

A

The caecum is located in the right iliac fossa.

77
Q

Name the 2 lobes of the liver.

A

The large right lobe and the small left lobe.

78
Q

Describe the location of the liver.

A

The large right lobe of the liver is located in the right hypochondrium. It extends across the abdominal cavity and the tip of the left lobe extends from the epigastrum into the left hypochondrium.

79
Q

What organ is the gallbladder deep to?

A

The gallbladder is deep to the liver.

80
Q

Describe the location of the pancreas.

A

The pancreas is located superiorly in the umbilical region, extending out into the left lumbar region. It is inferior and deep to the stomach.

81
Q

The Urinary system consists of what?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Ureters
  • Urethra
82
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the urinary system?

A
  • Excretion of urea and other toxins

- Maintenance of blood volume and osmolarity

83
Q

Where are the kidneys situated?

A

The kidneys lie on the posterior wall of the abdomen in the right and left hypochondriac regions from vertebrae T12 to L3, though the right is usually lower than the left.

84
Q

What separates the ribs and the kidneys?

A

The diaphragm.

85
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

To filter the blood to produce urine.

86
Q

Via what does the urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Muscular ureters.

87
Q

Which hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
  • Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
  • Sex hormones (gonadocorticoids)
88
Q

Which hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A
  • Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

- Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

89
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On the superior aspect of each kidney

90
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A

They are concerned with the production of many of the body’s chemical messengers including adrenaline and steroid hormones.

91
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A

The bladder is located below the suprapubic region in the lesser pelvis, deep to the pubic bone.

92
Q

On emptying, the bladder contracts and expels urine through what?

A

The urethta.

93
Q

In which direction does the bladder extend as it is filled?

A

Superiorly.

94
Q

Which kidney is higher, why do you think this is?

A

The left kidney is usually higher. The right kidney is displaced inferiorly by the large right lobe of the liver.

Human Anatomy (7 decks)

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