Surface Anatomy

Question 1

what large muscle gives the buttocks its rounded contour?

Answer 1

glute max

Question 2

what is the nerve supply for the glute max?

Answer 2

inferior gluteal nerve

Question 3

what lies deep to the glute max?

Answer 3

sciatic nerve

Question 4

what muscles attach at the greater trochanters?

Answer 4

gluteus medius, glute minimis, piriformis, obturator externis and obturator internis

Question 5

what is the nerve supply to the muscles that attach at the greater trochanters?

Answer 5

superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

Question 6

what movements occur at the hips?

Answer 6

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and hip rotation

Question 7

what type of joint is the hip?

Answer 7

synovial ball and socket joint

Question 8

why is hip flexion much greater than hip extension?

Answer 8

due to the anatomy of the ball and socket joint- ante version and acetabulum and bigelows ligament anteriorly

Question 9

what effect does the level of the fracture have on the blood supply to the femoral head?

Answer 9

intracapsular fracture will risk damaging cells to femoral head or indirectly
extracaspular fractures do not disrupt the reticular vessels so blood supply to femoral head remains intact

Question 10

what muscle inserts into the upper pole of the patella?

Answer 10

quadriceps femoris

Question 11

what are the 4 parts of the quadriceps muscle?

Answer 11

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius

Question 12

what is the nerve supply to the quadriceps?

Answer 12

femoral nerve (L2,3,4)

Question 13

what is the function of the quadriceps?

Answer 13

extend the leg at the knee joint and flex the thigh at hip joint

Question 14

what shape is the popliteal fossa?

Answer 14

diamond shape

Question 15

what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 15

semimembranous
gastrocnemius
biceps femoris
planters (underneath is gastrocnemius)

Question 16

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 16

tibial nerve
common fibular nerve
popliteal vein
popliteal artery
small saphenous vein
lymph

Question 17

what can be palpated in the popliteal fossa?

Answer 17

popliteal pulse, popliteal or bakers cyst - arising from posterior capsule of knee joint

Question 18

what structures lie at the joint lines of the knee joint?

Answer 18

level with depressions either side of patellar tendon in flexed knee. medial and lateral menisci

Question 19

what kind of joint is the knee?

Answer 19

synovial hinge joint. not a true hinge as there is a small degree of rotation and translation on flexion

Question 20

what structures stabilise the knee?

Answer 20

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Question 21

where do the medial and lateral collateral ligament attach?

Answer 21

MCL connects femur to tibia
LCL connects femur to fibula

Question 22

what movements occur at the knee joint?

Answer 22

flexion, extension, medial and lateral rotation

Question 23

what happens to patella when knee moves?

Answer 23

glides in trochlea - moves distally with flexion, proximally with extension

Question 24

is there any varus or valgus movements in the knee?

Answer 24

slight job in relaxed normal knee. virus/valgus movement indicates collateral ligament damage

Question 25

what is the blood supply?

Answer 25

ligamentum teres
capsular retinacula
nutrient artery ( the one inside)

Question 26

how are extra capsular fractures fixed?

Answer 26

fixed with a sliding hip screw and plate. intact blood supply should allow healing of fracture

Question 27

how are displaced intracaspular fractures fixed?

Answer 27

if blood supply is disrupted then run the risk of avascular necrosis of femoral head, so should be treated with partial or should be treated with partial or total hip replacement

Question 28

what structure prevents varus and valgus movements in extension?

Answer 28

MCL and LCL/ posterolateral corner