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AP Gov > Supreme Court Cases > Flashcards

Supreme Court Cases Flashcards

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1
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A

FEDERALISM

Established national supremacy + implied powers (through use of Elastic Clause)

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2
Q

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

A

FEDERALISM

Established judicial review (court’s ability to influence politics + public policy)

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3
Q

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

A

FEDERALISM + 14th AMENDMENT

Stated that Bill of Rights do not apply to states + state governments

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4
Q

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

A

FEDERALISM

Expanded powers of federal government through Commerce Clause

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5
Q

Baker v. Carr (1962)

A

FEDERALISM
Ordered state legislative districts to be as nearly equal as possible in population (attempted to establish 1 vote per person)

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6
Q

United States v. Lopez (1995)

A

FEDERALISM

Ruled against extension of Commerce Clause in restricting possession of guns in public schools

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7
Q

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

A

FEDERALISM + HOMOSEXUALITY

Overturned discriminatory policies in states that forbid gay marriage

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8
Q

Schenck v. United States (1919)

A

FREE SPEECH

Established clear + present danger test (limits speech that presents danger to general public)

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9
Q

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

A

FREE SPEECH
Incorporated freedoms of speech + press from Bill of Rights to state + national governments via Due Process Clause from 14th Amendment

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10
Q

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

A

FREE SPEECH
Protected speech that doesn’t call for illegal action (if the action is not imminent + there is no reason to believe that listeners will take action)

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11
Q

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)

A

FREE SPEECH

Limited free speech via the fighting words doctrine

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12
Q

Cohen v. California (1971)

A

FREE SPEECH
Further extended freedom of speech by allowing for the display of ideas that were offensive to some but didn’t incite any direct action (separated emotive + cognitive speech)

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13
Q

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)

A

FREE SPEECH
Overturned portions of 1996 Communications Decency Act on basis of its failure to define + properly address the meaning of decency

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14
Q

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

A

FREE SPEECH

Protected flag burning as extension of speech

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15
Q

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

A

FREE SPEECH

Removed campaign contribution limits for businesses + unions

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16
Q

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent County School District (1969)

A

FREE SPEECH

Protected symbolic speech by allowing students to wear black armbands in protest

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17
Q

Roth v. United States (1957)

A

FREEDOM OF PRESS
Ruled that obscenity restrictions in printed materials were valid if the restricted content didn’t hold significant social + artistic value

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18
Q

Miller v. California (1973)

A

FREEDOM OF PRESS

Held that community standards should be used to define obscenity

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19
Q

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

A

FREEDOM OF PRESS
Stated that state cannot award libel damages to public officials (unless statement can be proven to have held actual malice) via 1st + 14th Amendments

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20
Q

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

A

FREEDOM OF PRESS

Prohibited prior restraint of publication

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21
Q

New York Times v. United States (1971)

A

FREEDOM OF PRESS

Stated that U.S. government could not prohibit newspaper from publishing Pentagon Papers

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22
Q

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

A

JAPANESE INTERNMENT

Ruled that government can imprison citizens during wartime emergencies

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23
Q

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)

A

HOMOSEXUALITY

Ruled that ban on gay troop leaders was extension of organization’s 1st Amendment rights to expressive association

24
Q

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

A

FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Established Lemon Test in giving aid to parochial schools
(must have secular purpose, not have primary purpose being to advance/inhibit religion, + must not excessively entangle government + religion)

25
Q

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

A

FREEDOM OF RELIGION

Banned nondenominational prayer in state school

26
Q

Sherbert v. Verner (1963)

A

FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Ruled that eligibility restrictions for unemployment compensation imposed significant burden on woman who could not work on Sabbath (part of her free exercise of religion protected by 1st Amendment)

27
Q

Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)

A

FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Determined that general regulations on solicitation of materials (determined by local officials) could not be done on religious grounds as violation of 1st + 14th Amendments
because materials didn’t promote physical harm

28
Q

Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)

A

FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Determined that policy allowing student-led + student-initiated prayer at school event violated Establishment Clause of 1st Amendment

29
Q

Printz v. United States (1997)

A

RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS
Ruled that Necessary + Proper Clause didn’t allow Congress to establish regulations on commerce (in form of background checks) via the 10th Amendment (held that state legislatures not subject to federal discretion)

30
Q

DC v. Heller (2003)

A

RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS

Struck down ordinance banning handguns

31
Q

United States v. Lopez (1995)

A

RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS

Ruled that limiting guns in school zones exceeded Congress’ authority to regulate interstate commerce (Commerce Clause)

32
Q

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

A 
9th AMENDMENT (RIGHT TO PRIVACY)
Established that citizens have implied right to privacy through 4th + 9th Amendments, set precendent for Roe v. Wade
33
Q

Roe v. Wade (1973)

A 
9th AMENDMENT (RIGHT TO PRIVACY)
Established woman's right to have abortion in certain circumstances
34
Q

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

A 
9th AMENDMENT (RIGHT TO PRIVACY)
Allowed for some state regulations on abortions
35
Q

Lawrence + Garner v. Texas (2003)

A 
9th AMENDMENT (RIGHT TO PRIVACY)
Struck down Texas law banning sodomy under right to privacy
36
Q

Palko v. Connecticut (1937)

A 
14TH AMENDMENT (DUE PROCESS + SELECTIVE INCORPORATION)
Provided test to determine which parts of Bill of Rights should be federalized (those that are implictly or explicitley necessary for liberty)
37
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

A 
14TH AMENDMENT (DUE PROCESS + SELECTIVE INCORPORATION)
Required that states provide defendants with attorneys in state courts
38
Q

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

A 
14TH AMENDMENT (DUE PROCESS + SELECTIVE INCORPORATION)
Established that police must explain the rights of the accused at the time of arrest to protect from self-incrimination (5th Amendment)
39
Q

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

A 
14TH AMENDMENT (DUE PROCESS + SELECTIVE INCORPORATION)
Defined unreasonable search + seizure, regulated use of warrants in obtaining evidence (Exclusionary Rule)
40
Q

United States v. Leon (1984)

A 
14TH AMENDMENT (DUE PROCESS + SELECTIVE INCORPORATION)
Created good faith exception to Exculsionary Rule
41
Q

Wolf v. Colorado (1949)

A 
14TH AMENDMENT (DUE PROCESS + SELECTIVE INCORPORATION)
Determined that 4th Amendment applied to states but Exclusionary Rule was not necessarily essential to its protection against unreasonable searches + seizures
42
Q

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

A 
14TH AMENDMENT (DUE PROCESS + SELECTIVE INCORPORATION)
Held that police suspects have right to legal counsel during interrogations as extension of 6th Amendment
43
Q

United States v. Nixon (1974)

A 
14TH AMENDMENT (DUE PROCESS + SELECTIVE INCORPORATION)
Held that executive privilege didn't extend to criminal cases
44
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A

EQUALITY

Held that separate but equal facilities for African-Americans were constitutional

45
Q

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A

EQUALITY

Overturned Plessy ruling in regard to public schools

46
Q

Brown v. Board of Education II (1955)

A

EQUALITY

Ordered that schools be desegregated using due + deliberate speed

47
Q

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County Schools (1971)

A

EQUALITY
Held that busing was appropriate solution to racially-imbalanced schools even when the imbalance resulted from selection of students based on geographic proximity as opposed to race

48
Q

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

A

EQUALITY

Ruled that slaves were not citizens

49
Q

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

A

EQUALITY
Ruled that Equal Protections Clause required that African-American man be admitted to all-white law school on basis that the quality of education received at another school would not have been equal

50
Q

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

A

EQUALITY

Determined that race can be considered in admissions but no racial quotas allowed

51
Q

Gratz v. Bollinger (2004)

A

EQUALITY

Ruled that affirmative action in college admissions is acceptable but must be limited

52
Q

Grutter v. Bollinger (2004)

A

EQUALITY

Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions

53
Q

United States v. Virginia (1996)

A

WOMEN

Held that creation of women-only military academy after male-only establishment did not satisfy Equal Protections Clause

54
Q

Craig v. Boren (1976)

A

WOMEN
Ruled that statue establishing different drinking ages for men + women violated Equal Protections Clause of 14th Amendment

55
Q

Rostker v. Goldberg (1981)

A

WOMEN
Decided that gender distinctions in Military Selective Service Act (MSSA) draft didn’t violate Due Process of 5th Amendment

56
Q

Reed v. Reed (1971)

A

WOMEN
Ruled that probate code (determining beneficiaries of estate) that gave preference to men violated Equal Protections Clause of 14th Amendment

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