Supplementary 2 Flashcards
1
Q
2 sources of energy
A
fats and carbs
2
Q
What is glucose?
A
- made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms all the same in proportion (C6H12O6)
- is body’s main type of sugar and body’s main source of energy
3
Q
Draw Glucose Structure
A
Check Drawing Biotch
4
Q
Why is the hydroxyl group important
A
- where it is placed is important e.g. OH in carbon 4 at top becomes galactose
- hydroxyl group connects with taste bud receptors
- important for solubility due to partial negative charge of oxygen attracting partial positive charge of H2O molecules
5
Q
think about structure of glucose
How does glucose attach to each other
A
- Glucose forms branches to form bonds
- O of first carbon (hydroxyl area) in alpha position allows attachment to carbon 4 (while hydroxyl group here is removed)
6
Q
Why does the body prefer to store glycogen than glucose
A
- it prevents glucose from diffusing away as it cannot compartmentalize
- stops swelling due to water movement
- if glucose is high in concentration in a cell, it would tend to diffuse out of cell
- energy used to keep glucose against concentration gradient
- high tension of glucose leads to osmotic stress and water in blood moves to equalize glucose concentration
- glucose is very reactive in open form (glycation)
- Bonds prevent glucose leaking out and connecting to a protein (closed structure)
7
Q
why is glucose soluble in water
A
- oxygen more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen
- negative charge and pulling capacity
- H2O (positive partial charge) attract oxygen molecules (partial negative charge)
- sphere of hydration surrounds glucose
- water is polar due to difference in positive and negative charge
8
Q
why is glycogen bushy rather than linear
A
- enzymes cut bonds at random by finding tips of glucose
- harder to attack chains if linearly (only offering two points to break at best)
- if in bushy structure, allows many tips for enzymes to function
9
Q
why can we not absorb cellulose
A
- cellulose is a beta bond used by plants for structure
- body does not have cellulase to break down beta bonds of cellulose (would be fine if it was alpha bond)
10
Q
what is a fatty acid
A
building blocks of fat in our bodies
11
Q
how does change in carbon affect solubility for fats
A
- carbon is slightly more EN than hydrogen but not enough EN to generate EC to pull other electrons (no polarity)
- C and H parts are hydrophobic while carboxyl is hydrophilic
- overrides hydrophilic head effect
12
Q
why is unsaturated fats have different texture than saturated
A
- FA carbon chains not in straight line
- one H atom removed from two C atoms, resulting in double bond *Cis configuration)
- more double bonds = more fluidity
13
Q
why is triglycerides stored in adipocytes
A
- glycerol structure allows three carbon chains for attachment to each FA
- hydrophobic in dry form and carbon chains override oxygen hydrophilic effect
14
Q
why does body prefer storing more fat than glycogen
A
- more storage sites for fat
- fat stores almost twice as much energy
- CHO attracts water and therefore attracting more water-weight
15
Q
how are peptides formed?
A
- need to attach carboxyl group to amino acid of another AA
- OH leaves carboxyl group with one H atom from amino group (forms H2O)
- AA’s attach in peptide bond
16
Q
what determines protein’s folding patterns?
A
- proteins have 3D shape
- Some AA’s have positive/negative charges
- bend move around to attract positive and negative charges
- hydrophilic and hydrophobic AA’s come into contact with same kind
