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Geography A level > Superpowers OLD > Flashcards

Superpowers OLD Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hyperpower

A

hyperpower is a ‘lone dominant force’

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2
Q

what is a superpower

A

a ​nation​which has the ability to project its influence around the world

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3
Q

what is hard power and example

A

exerting power through military (or economic) power

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4
Q

what is soft power

A

power through cultural diffusion, political stance, values, ideologies and foreign policy

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5
Q

what are the different ‘mechanisms of power’

A

economic, political, military,
cultural, demographic and access to natural resources
Also: Physical size, population and dominant belief system

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6
Q

what is meant by polarity

A

different areas at different times at the ‘centre of global dominance’

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7
Q

what does Multipolar mean

A

There are several superpowers, each with a characteristic strength, competing
for global influence and status.

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8
Q

what does Unipolar world mean

A

There is one superpower who dominates economically and politically

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9
Q

what does Bipolar world mean

A

Two superpowers exist, each with opposing ideologies

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10
Q

Rise and Fall of the British empire key facts

A

1494 - America was first colony
15th and 16th century - Africa expansion (slave trade)
1913 - ruled 23% of worlds population
1947 - India and Pakistan given sovereignty
1949 - Suez Crisis (Egypt canal) tarnished political
Post war decline
Ended in 1973 - when Britain joined European Economic Community

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11
Q

Cold War key facts

A

1946-1991
USSR and US
Post war stalemate of communist vs capitalist tensions
both tried to extend ‘sphere of influence’

1950-3 - Korean war (USA withdrew)
1955-75 - Vietnam war (USA withdrew with huge losses)
1962 - Cuban missile crisis (nearly lead to war)
1991 - USSR broke up

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12
Q

why did the USSR break up?

A

Multiple Reasons:
Large economy became stagnant
1987-9 - Afghanistan war (defeat by tribes)
1987 - Perestroika (economic reform
Rise of nationalism in east Europe (Ukraine etc.)

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13
Q

what are the BRIC emerging countries

A

Brazil
Russia
India
China

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14
Q

what are Brazils strengths and weaknesses (key facts)

A 
STRENGTHS 
1/2 of Americas GDP 
self sufficient for food 
13% of all worlds species in the Amazon basin 
60% of Americas military budget 
youthful population 
WEAKNESSES 
Reliant on raw materials 
corruption allegations since 2013 
falling fertility rate 
environmental issues
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15
Q

what are Russia’s strengths and weaknesses (key facts)

A

STRENGTHS
9th largest global economy
increasing military presence (in Syria and Ukraine)

WEAKNESSES
Reliance on gas and oil (makes up 1/2 of their GDP)
unbalanced economy and inequality (35% of wealth is owned by 110 people)
legacy of pollution issues
rate of natural increase 0.2

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16
Q

what are India’s strengths and weaknesses (key facts)

A 
STRENGTHS 
Worlds largest democracy 
large English speaking and educated population 
1997-2015 had 7% annual economic growth 
huge growth in IT
5th ranked world military 
Youthful population (66% aged 5-64)
worlds largest film industry 'Bollywood' 
WEAKNESSES 
Ageing infrastructure
20% of population in abject poverty 
3rd CO2 emitter in the world
power cut in 2016 effected 620 people
17
Q

what are China’s strengths and weaknesses (key facts)

A

STRENGTHS
1.3 billion population
2nd largest military budget
largest investor in Africa
3rd in the world nuclear capability
excellent copying and manufacturing capabilities
‘Belt and Road’ initiative - extending their global reach

WEAKNESSES 
only 2% of population are uni educated (compared to most developed nations at 25-30%)
not involved in global crisis'
military mainly in sea of Japan 
large dependant population
18
Q

what does geopolitical mean CHECK

A

influence of such factors as geography, economics, and demography on the politics

19
Q

what is colonialism

A

The act of gaining control, building an empire and exerting influence over other
countries.

20
Q

what is hegemony

A
21
Q

what are an emerging and reginal powers

A

EMERGING
Countries that have quickly gained influence, developed and have notable
culture. Emerging States may become superpowers in the future.

22
Q

what is direct and indirect control

A
23
Q

what is neo-colonialism

A

control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means.

24
Q

what is a sphere of influence

A
25
Q

what are the Development Theorys

A

Rostow’s Model of Development (Modernisation theory), Dependency Model, Rostow’s Dependency Theory and the World Systems Theory.

26
Q

what does the Rostow’s modernisation theory show

A
27
Q

what does dependency model show

A
28
Q

what does the worlds systems theory show

A
29
Q

what are the limitations of

A
30
Q

EQ2 aspects of capitalist USA:

A

free market
everyone has potential to earn and accumulate wealth
competitive open market

31
Q

aspects of communist USSR:

A

centrally planned economy
government owned land and property
profits taken to the government
prices controlled by government

32
Q

what is an IGO, what they do and examples

A

Intergovernmental Organisations
influence trade, migration, humanitarian work and global security
WTO, IMF, WTO and UN

33
Q

ways that TNCs reinforce economic and social power (of the nations they originate from)

A

economies of scale means they out compete smaller companies and spread their influence
Globalisation allows free trade and their expansion

34
Q

EQ1 was the cold war stable or dangerous?

A

STBALE
neither wanted to enter armed conflict
there was a stalemate (agreement on mutual destruction)

DANGEROUS
Bay of Pigs in 1956 in Cuba close to full blown war
wrong leader could have made snap decision
Nuclear technology not historically perfectly safe

35
Q

EQ2 what is the WTO and examples

A 
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - 1995
based in Geneva Switzerland 
146 members accounting for 95%of world trade 
global rules on promoting free trade 
meets every year

EXAMPLES
Sept 2009 ruling canola grain seed exports to Canada to china
china broke copy right rules and were ordered to pay compensation

36
Q

what is the IMF and examples

A
37
Q

what is the UN and examples

A
38
Q

what is the World Bank and examples

A

Geography A level (8 decks)

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