Superpowers EQ1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a key characteristic of economic power related to exports?
A
They can be exported at a high price.
2
Q
Which organization is an example of economic power related to oil?
A
OPEC
3
Q
What is essential for military power?
A
Reliable access to resources through transport pathways.
4
Q
What term is used to describe a globally dominating superpower?
A
Hyperpower
5
Q
Which country was considered the hyperpower from 1850 to 1910?
A
Britain
6
Q
What is a superpower?
A
A country with the ability to project its dominating power and influence anywhere in the world.
7
Q
Which country was the hyperpower from 1990 to 2010?
A
USA
8
Q
Can you name an example of a superpower?
A
USA
9
Q
What is the ability to influence the policies of other countries through negotiations called?
A
Political Influence
10
Q
What are emerging superpowers?
A
Countries with a large role in one or more superpower characteristics and growing influence.
11
Q
How is voting power often determined in international organizations?
A
By economic contribution, historical role, population, etc.
12
Q
Name some examples of emerging superpowers.
A
China, Brazil, India, Russia.
13
Q
What defines a regional power?
A
A country that can project dominating power and influence over other countries within its continent or region.
14
Q
What does military power with a global reach enable a country to do?
A
Achieve geopolitical goals.
15
Q
Give examples of regional powers in Europe.
A
UK, Germany, France
16
Q
What are some indicators of military power?
A
Army size, defense spending, nuclear weapons, ICBMs, blue water navy size.
17
Q
What are the six characteristics used to define superpowers?
A
Economic, Political, Military, Cultural, Demographic, Natural Resources.
18
Q
Which country has the most active nuclear warheads?
A
Russia, with 1790 warheads.
19
Q
What is a key economic characteristic of a superpower?
A
A large GDP, high percentage of international trade, and currency used as a reserve currency.
20
Q
What is cultural influence?
A
The ability to influence beliefs, values, and lifestyles in other countries.
21
Q
What underpins the other characteristics of superpowers?
A
Economic Power
22
Q
How can cultural influence be achieved?
A
Through media dominance, TNCs, and migration.
23
Q
What is the world’s largest total GDP?
A
$18.5 trillion (USA).
24
Q
What percentage of the world’s 20 largest TNCs does the USA have?
A
27%
25
How does a large population contribute to a country's power?
It provides a large market, larger army, and a significant diaspora.
26
Which country has the largest population?
China, with 1382 million people.
27
What is the significance of controlling access to physical resources?
It provides inputs for economic growth.
28
What are the six superpower characteristics?
Economic, Political, Military, Cultural, Demographic, Natural resources. This helps understand what type of power a country is.
29
What is hard power?
Hard power refers to using military and economic influence, such as trade deals and sanctions, to force a country to act in a particular way.
30
What was a significant example of hard power used by the USA in 1991?
The USA organized and led the coalition to expel Iraqi forces that had invaded Kuwait in the First Gulf War.
31
What is soft power?
Soft power is the more subtle persuasion of countries to act in a particular way, based on respect and appeal, including political persuasion and cultural influence.
32
What action did the USA take in 2003 when economic sanctions failed?
The USA invaded Iraq in the Second Gulf War when economic sanctions failed to persuade President Saddam Hussein to change policy.
33
How did Douglas Hurd describe the UK's influence in the 1980s?
Douglas Hurd described the UK as 'punching above her weight'. (use of soft power)
34
What economic status does the UK hold that contributes to its soft power?
The UK is the 5th largest economy, making it an attractive market and source of TNC FDI.
35
Who coined the terms hard and soft power?
The political scientist Joseph Nye of Harvard University coined the terms hard and soft power in 1990.
36
What is one of the UK's strengths in diplomacy?
The UK has one of the largest networks of diplomats and embassies in the world.
37
What is smart power?
Smart power is the combination of hard and soft power, utilizing a 'carrot and stick' approach for more effective influence. (joseph nye)
38
According to Henry Kissinger, what advantage does the UK have?
Henry Kissinger noted that the UK benefits from its moral authority.
39
What are the potential downsides of hard power?
Hard power can be expensive and risky, and military action may be viewed as unnecessary or illegal, potentially leading to a loss of allies and moral authority.
40
What are the advantages of soft power?
Soft power is low cost and focuses on creating alliances and friendly relations, which can spread influence to other countries.
41
What role does the BBC World Service play in the UK's soft power?
The BBC World Service is considered more neutral and reliable than many government broadcasters, providing worldwide news and programs.
42
What does the spectrum of power mechanisms include?
The spectrum of power mechanisms includes hard power, soft power, and mechanisms like trade agreements or selective development aid that lie somewhere in between.
43
What cultural products contribute to the UK's soft power?
Cultural products like films (e.g., Pride and Prejudice), television (e.g., Downton Abbey), and literature (e.g., Harry Potter) contribute to the UK's soft power.
44
Which countries typically rank highest in soft power?
International rankings of soft power usually place the USA, UK, France, and Germany at the top.
45
What financial significance do London and New York hold?
The City of London (and New York) dominate international finance, banking, and law, setting standards and values.
46
What is the Heartland Theory
It promoted the idea that Russia needed to be contained from expanding.
47
What theory proposed by Halford Mackinder emphasizes the strategic importance of controlling land areas for power?
Heartland Theory
48
What is the Heartland Theory and how did it influence geopolitical strategies in the past?
The Heartland Theory, proposed by Halford Mackinder in 1904, posits that the central area of Asia, bordered by significant geographical barriers, contains most of the world's natural resources. This theory influenced geopolitical strategies by persuading countries like the USA and UK to contain Russia's expansion, reinforcing the idea that control over physical resources was crucial for power.
49
Why is the relevance of military force considered antiquated in the context of modern warfare?
The relevance of military force is seen as antiquated because modern military technology, such as inter-continental ballistic missiles and drones, allows for strikes deep within another country's territory, diminishing the protective advantage of size and traditional military might.
50
How does the shift from hard power to soft power influence U.S. foreign policy in conflict zones like Iraq and Ukraine?
The shift emphasizes diplomacy and economic partnerships over military intervention, aiming for stability through alliances rather than direct control, which can reduce immediate hostilities and foster long-term cooperation.
51
How has the perception of military power changed from the early twentieth century to the present day?
In the early twentieth century, military force and hard power were seen as primary means for achieving and maintaining power, often linked to controlling vast land areas. In contrast, today, modern military technology allows for strikes deep within a country's territory, diminishing the importance of size and physical control over resources.
52
Why was the containment of Russia considered important according to the Heartland Theory?
According to the Heartland Theory, containing Russia was deemed essential because its expansion could threaten the balance of power by allowing it to gain control over vital resources and strategic territories within the Heartland, thereby increasing its influence globally.
53
According to the Heartland Theory, which region is considered the 'Heartland'?
Central Asia, bordered by the Himalayas and Russian Steppes
54
What does the Heartland Theory primarily emphasize regarding global power?
Control of vast land areas and natural resources
55
In the context of changing power dynamics, which form of power has become more prevalent in the 21st century?
soft power
56
How has modern military technology changed the concept of territorial protection?
Size is no longer a protection due to advanced weaponry.
57
What theory proposed by Halford Mackinder emphasizes the strategic importance of controlling land areas for power?
Heartland Theory
58
Which form of power has become more common in modern times as a means of gaining influence?
soft power
59
Which event exemplifies the use of hard power by the USA to secure resources in the early 2000s?
Invasion of Iraq in 2003
60
In which years did the USA invade Iraq, partly to secure oil supplies?
1991 and 2003
61
How has the importance of military force changed in modern geopolitics?
It is now one of many tools alongside soft power.
62
What does Mackinder's Heartland Theory suggest about resource control?
Control of resources was vital for maintaining power.
63
How has the approach to gaining power shifted over time?
From hard power to soft power
64
What is the significance of Mackinder's Heartland Theory in modern geopolitics?
It emphasizes controlling resources for security.
65
Why is the Heartland considered difficult to invade?
Physical barriers like mountains and steppes exist.
66
In the early 20th century, what did a british geographer propose?
Controlling central asia was crucial for global dominance, emphasizing the importance of vast land areas and access to natural resources.
67
How has soft power gained recent traction globally?
Through economic and political alliances. These shifts have been highlighted by recent invasions by the USA and Russia.
68
How does the Heartland Theory influence perceptions of Russia's expansion?
It suggests containment to prevent resource control.
69
How has the perception of war and conflict changed from the past to the present?
In the past, war and conflict were accepted as normal means of gaining power, whereas today they are generally seen as abnormal. The rise of soft power, through economic and political alliances, reflects this shift in perception.
70
What is Mackinder's Heartland Theory and its significance in historical context?
Mackinder's Heartland Theory posits that the central area of Eurasia contains most of the world's natural resources and serves as a strategic power base. Its significance lies in influencing geopolitical strategies, particularly the containment of Russia by Western powers during the early 20th century.
71
In what ways have modern military technologies changed the importance of geographical size in maintaining power?
Modern military technologies, such as intercontinental ballistic missiles and drones, allow for strikes deep within another country's territory, diminishing the protective advantage of geographical size. This shift indicates that controlling physical land is less critical than it once was for maintaining power.
72
How does the Heartland Theory explain the significance of geo-strategic locations in global politics?
The Heartland Theory posits that controlling the central area of Eurasia, which contains most of the world's natural resources, is crucial for maintaining power and influence over the world island of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This geo-strategic location allows a nation to dominate resource access and exert control over surrounding regions.
73
Why was the containment of Russia considered important according to the Heartland Theory?
The containment of Russia was deemed important because the Heartland Theory suggested that if Russia expanded its influence outward from its core territory, it could gain control over vital resources and strategic areas, thereby threatening the balance of power in Europe and beyond.
74
In what ways have modern military technologies changed the relevance of the Heartland Theory in contemporary geopolitics?
Modern military technologies, such as intercontinental ballistic missiles and drones, allow nations to strike deep into enemy territories, diminishing the protective advantage of geographic size and physical barriers emphasized in the Heartland Theory. Additionally, the international trade of resources reduces the necessity for countries to control them domestically.
75
Why is the concept of hard power still relevant despite the rise of soft power in modern geopolitics?
Hard power remains relevant because military force can still be used to achieve objectives, as evidenced by events such as the USA's invasions of Iraq and Russia's actions in Georgia and Ukraine. These instances demonstrate that while soft power is important, hard power continues to play a critical role in international relations.
76
How did the concept of soft power influence the U.S. strategy during the invasions of Iraq?
The U.S. aimed to build political alliances and promote democracy as part of its strategy, using soft power to gain legitimacy for its military actions while securing economic interests like oil.
77
Considering Mackinder's Heartland Theory, how might it explain Russia's military actions in Ukraine?
Mackinder's theory suggests that controlling the Heartland is crucial for global dominance; thus, Russia's actions can be seen as an attempt to secure influence over strategic resources and prevent NATO expansion into this vital area.
78
Considering modern military capabilities, how has the relevance of the Heartland Theory changed in contemporary geopolitics?
Modern military technology allows for strikes deep within territories, diminishing the importance of geographical barriers; thus, reliance on land control as a source of power is less relevant today.
79
What significant event marked the end of many empires between 1950 and 1970?
Independence granted to colonies
80
What was a primary method used by empires to maintain control over conquered territories?
Direct military force
81
Which resource management strategy was commonly employed by colonial powers in conquered territories?
Exploitation of natural resources through mining and agriculture
82
What was a primary reason for the establishment of European empires from 1500 to 1950?
To exploit resources in conquered territories
83
During the imperial era, what type of businesses were often government-owned to exploit resources in colonies?
Companies involved in mining and agriculture
84
What role did individuals from the home country play in the governance of colonies?
They served as officials in the colonial government
85
What was a primary method used by European powers to maintain control over their colonies during the imperial era?
Direct military presence and force
86
Why did European countries grant independence to their colonies between 1950 and 1970?
The costs of maintaining them were too high after WW2
87
Which European power had the largest empire at its peak in 1920?
Britain
88
Which European power had the largest empire at its peak in 1920?
Britain
89
When was the imperial era?
1500-1950
90
How much of the worlds land did Britain own at its peak in 1920?
25%
91
How did Britain primarily maintain control over its empire?
Direct colonial governance and military force
92
What was a significant factor leading to the end of empires post-WW2?
High maintenance costs for colonial territories
93
What was dispatched by Britain in the late 19th century and what did it cause?
a British naval fleet is dispatched to secure trade routes in Africa. The government establishes control over local resources, leading to significant economic exploitation. Local populations resist, but their rebellions are met with military force.
94
What was a major reason for the decline of empires post-1950?
High costs of maintaining colonies after WWII
95
How did European powers primarily maintain control over their colonies?
Direct military force and governance
96
How did European powers maintain control over their colonies during the imperial era?
European powers maintained control over their colonies through a combination of military presence, governance by officials from the home country, and resource management practices that exploited local resources for economic gain.
97
Why were rebellions against colonial powers typically suppressed during the Imperial Era?
Rebellions were brutally suppressed because colonial powers viewed them as threats to their control and stability. The use of military force ensured that any attempts at independence or resistance were quickly quashed to maintain dominance over the territories.
98
Why was a strong military presence essential for the success of colonial administrations?
A strong military presence was essential for colonial administrations to conquer new territories, suppress rebellions, protect trade routes, and maintain order within the colonies, thereby ensuring the stability and profitability of the empire.
99
What factors led to the decline of European empires between 1950 and 1970?
The decline of European empires was primarily due to the high costs of maintaining colonies after World War II, leading European countries to grant independence to their colonies as they focused on rebuilding.
100
How did European powers maintain control over their colonies during the Imperial Era?
European powers maintained control over their colonies through direct military force, powerful navies to protect trade routes, and a government structure that included officials from the home country to administer the colonies.
101
What role did the civil service play in the administration of colonies?
The civil service played a crucial role in administering colonies by providing governance and implementing policies set by the colonial powers, ensuring that the interests of the empire were prioritized in the management of the territory.
102
How did powerful navies contribute to the success of European empires during the imperial era?
Powerful navies were essential for transporting soldiers and equipment to areas of potential conquest, protecting sea routes and coastlines from enemies, and ensuring the safe passage of goods back to the home country.
103
What role did economic exploitation play in the establishment of empires during the Imperial Era?
Economic exploitation was crucial as empires relied on businesses, often government-owned, to extract resources such as gold and agricultural products from conquered territories, which funded further expansion and maintenance of the empire.
104
In what ways did China act as a colonial ruler over Tibet since 1950?
Since 1950, China has acted as a colonial ruler over Tibet by suppressing dissent and brutally responding to rebellions, such as those in 1959 and 2008, thereby maintaining control over the region.
105
What was Govenor Thompson tasked with in the height of the British Empire (1920)
Overseeing a newly acquired colony in Africa. He faces challenges such as local resistance to British rule, resource exploitation for rubber and tea, and managing a civil service composed mainly of expatriates. The military presence is significant to suppress any uprisings.
106
What strategies should Governor Thompson implement to effectively manage local resistance while maintaining control over the resources?
He should engage in dialogue with local leaders, establish economic incentives for cooperation, and ensure military readiness to deter uprisings without excessive force.
107
How did the structure of the civil service impact governance in the colonies during this period?
The reliance on expatriates in the civil service often led to disconnects with local populations, limiting effective governance and fostering resentment among colonized peoples due to lack of representation.
108
What strategies did the British Empire employ to maintain control over its colonies during the imperial era?
The British utilized powerful navies for transport and protection, large armed forces for conquest and suppression, government-owned businesses for resource exploitation, and established a civil service from the home country to govern colonies.
109
How did local rebellions impact the policies of European powers during the imperial era?
Local rebellions prompted European powers to intensify military presence and suppression tactics, reinforcing colonial control and often leading to harsher measures against dissent to prevent further uprisings.
110
What factors contributed to Britain's decision to grant independence to its colonies after World War II?
The economic burden of maintaining colonies, the rising cost of military presence, international pressure for self-determination, and a shift in public opinion towards anti-imperialism.
111
How did China's actions in Tibet reflect broader themes of imperial control similar to those seen in European empires?
China's suppression of Tibetan dissent mirrors the brutal methods used by European powers to maintain control over their colonies, emphasizing direct governance through force and the denial of autonomy to local populations.
112
How do superpowers exert indirect control through cultural means?
By promoting ideologies through global media and consumerism
113
What was a primary method used by the USA and USSR to gain allies during the Cold War?
Military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact
114
How has China been perceived in relation to its influence in Africa since 2000?
Accused of neo-colonial actions challenging Western hegemony
115
What role does selective arms trading play in indirect control?
It provides weapons to key allies while avoiding enemies
116
Which of the following is an example of neo-colonialism as described in the context?
A relationship where aid is tied to debt obligations
117
Which of the following is a characteristic of neo-colonialism in relation to trade?
Developing nations send out low-cost goods and bring in high-priced manufactured items.
118
What mechanism allows superpowers to exert indirect control through cultural means?
Global media, arts, and consumer culture.
119
Which of the following describes a neo-colonial mechanism that continues to affect developing countries?
Debt relationships where developing nations repay past loans
120
How has China's rise as an emerging power since 2000 been perceived in Africa?
Criticized for engaging in neo-colonial practices and for challenging the dominance of Western powers.
121
Which term describes the relationship where developing countries depend on aid while owing debt to developed nations?
Neo-colonialism
122
How did the British influence culture in India during the imperial era?
By establishing English education and promoting sports like cricket
123
What is a key mechanism of indirect control used by superpowers today?
Economic alliances through trade deals and blocs
124
What term describes the relationship where developing countries owe money for past loans while also relying on foreign aid?
Debt-aid relationship
125
What mechanism was primarily used by the USA and USSR during the Cold War to gain allies?
Military alliances
126
How do western countries still influence their former colonies and provide an example?
Western nations continue to influence their former colonies through economic means. Countries in Africa are seen struggling with debt while relying on foreign aid from developed nations. This situation has led to accusations of neo-colonialism, particularly with the rise of China as a competing power.
127
What role does global media play in cultural spread during globalization?
It disseminates ideologies and values globally
128
How do developing countries often find themselves in a cycle of dependency?
Dependence on foreign aid and debt relationships
129
How does a powerful nation expand its influence in modern context?
in developing countries through economic alliances and cultural promotion. This approach includes providing foreign aid while encouraging local elites to adopt the nation's culture and values.
130
What role did foreign aid play during the Cold War?
It was used to gain support from developing nations
131
How does indirect control manifest in economic relationships?
Through trade deals that create interdependence
132
What did a small nation in Africa recieve from the USA and why?
During the Cold War, a small nation in Africa receives military aid from the USA to combat communist influences. However, this country is also criticized for supporting a corrupt regime in exchange for continued assistance.
133
What mechanism illustrates neo-colonialism in the context provided?
Financial aid tied to debt obligations
134
How did the USA use foreign aid during the Cold War?
To gain support from developing nations
135
What impact does the migration of talent have on developing nations?
Loss of skilled workforce hinders economic growth.
136
How does neo-colonialism manifest through debt-aid relationships?
Developing countries owe money but depend on foreign aid.
137
Why is cultural influence considered a significant aspect of indirect control today?
Cultural influence is significant because it spreads ideologies and values such as democracy and capitalism through global media, arts, and consumer culture, shaping perceptions and behaviors in other nations without the need for direct governance.
138
How did the USA and USSR utilize military alliances during the Cold War to exert influence over other countries?
The USA and USSR formed military alliances, such as NATO for the USA and the Warsaw Pact for the USSR, to create a network of allied nations that would support their respective ideologies and provide strategic advantages in global conflicts.
139
In what ways did the Cold War era influence the concept of indirect control among superpowers?
During the Cold War, the USA and USSR sought allies through military alliances, foreign aid, and support for regimes in exchange for political backing. This established patterns of indirect control that continue to affect international relations today.
140
What role did foreign aid play in the superpower rivalry during the Cold War?
Foreign aid was used by both superpowers as a strategy to gain influence and 'buy' support from developing nations. By providing financial assistance, they aimed to secure political allegiance and counteract the opposing superpower's influence.
141
How do debt-aid relationships exemplify neo-colonialism in developing countries?
Debt-aid relationships illustrate neo-colonialism as developing countries often owe money for past loans to developed nations, creating a cycle of dependency where they rely on foreign aid despite their poverty.
142
In what ways can neo-colonialism be seen as a continuation of indirect control by former colonial powers?
Neo-colonialism is viewed as a continuation of indirect control through mechanisms like debt-aid relationships, poor trade terms, and the migration of skilled individuals from developing countries to developed ones, allowing former colonial powers to maintain economic and political influence without direct governance.
143
What role does economic interdependence play in modern indirect control mechanisms?
Economic interdependence is facilitated through trade deals and trade blocs that create alliances between like-minded countries, allowing for influence without direct political or military control.
144
What role does trade imbalance play in the context of neo-colonialism?
Trade imbalances contribute to neo-colonialism by forcing developing countries to export low-value commodities while importing expensive manufactured goods from developed nations, perpetuating economic dependency.
145
What are some mechanisms through which economic interdependence is created between countries?
Economic interdependence is created through trade deals and trade blocs that foster alliances among like-minded countries, making them reliant on each other for goods, services, and economic stability.
146
In what ways has China's rise as an emerging power been perceived as neo-colonialism in Africa?
China's rise is viewed as neo-colonialism in Africa due to its investments and influence that challenge traditional Western powers, leading to accusations of exploiting resources and establishing control over African economies.
147
How did indirect control manifest in British India during the imperial era?
In British India, indirect control was evident through the encouragement of English culture among wealthy Indians, which included the establishment of English schools, promotion of the English language, and the introduction of competitive sports like cricket.
148
How does cultural influence play a role in the indirect control exerted by superpowers?
Cultural influence is significant in indirect control as it utilizes global media, arts, and consumer culture to spread ideologies such as democracy and capitalism. This helps shape beliefs and values in other countries, aligning them with the interests of the superpower.
149
What did a small nation in southeast Asia do in the cold war to maintain leverage?
The small nation in Southeast Asia, feeling threatened by both superpowers, receives military aid from the USA while simultaneously engaging in trade agreements with the USSR. This country uses its strategic position to leverage support from both sides, maintaining sovereignty and avoiding direct conflict.
150
How did this small nation's strategy of receiving aid from both the USA and USSR reflect the concept of indirect control during the Cold War?
The nation utilized foreign aid as leverage to maintain autonomy while navigating superpower rivalry, demonstrating how smaller nations could manipulate their geopolitical importance for self-preservation.
151
What are potential long-term effects on this nation due to reliance on military aid from one superpower and trade with another?
Long-term effects may include economic dependency on foreign powers, potential loss of political autonomy, and vulnerability to external pressures or conflicts arising from superpower tensions.
152
How was the cultural influence of western media shaped consumer behaviors in developing countries?
Young adults in India increasingly adopt Western fashion and entertainment styles, while local traditions and values fade due to the blend of cultures.
153
What implications does China's investment in African infrastructure (During the cold war) have on economic interdependence and perceptions of neo-colonialism?
China's investments create economic ties that may foster dependency, raising concerns over exploitation and control reminiscent of colonial practices, thus complicating international relations.
154
How does the foreign aid Zandora receives reflect indirect control mechanisms by the USA and China?
The foreign aid serves to strengthen military alliances and create economic dependencies, allowing these superpowers to exert influence over Zandora's political decisions and align its interests with theirs.
155
What are the potential cultural impacts on Zandora due to the dominance of Western media in its entertainment sector?
The prevalence of Western media may lead to the erosion of local cultures and values, promoting consumerism and ideologies aligned with democracy and capitalism, thereby shaping societal norms and aspirations.
156
Background of Zandora
Small nation that has been receiving foreign aid from both China and USA, this is tied to its military alliances with NATO and economic partnerships that favor trade with developing nations. Their cultural landscape also being westernized.
157
Background of Ghana
Has been struggling to repay loans from western countries while relying heavily on foreign aid for basic services. This led to many skilled professionals migrating to Europe for better opportunities, exacerbating local talent shortage. China has also increased investment in infrastructure in Ghana raising concerns of neo-colonialism.
158
What is Neo-colonialism
The use of economic, political or cultural pressure on a country to exert influence on them, especially depencies (past countries that were dependant on others)
159
How does Ghana's reliance on foreign aid and debt repayment illustrate the concept of neo-colonialism?
Ghana's situation demonstrates neo-colonialism through its dependency on foreign aid to address poverty while simultaneously being burdened by debt, creating a cycle that limits its economic autonomy.
160
What implications might China's increasing influence in Ghana have on the existing power dynamics with Western nations?
China's growing presence could challenge Western hegemony, potentially altering trade relationships and introducing new forms of economic dependence, which may be viewed as a form of neo-colonialism.
161
How might the presence of multiple regional powers impact global stability compared to a uni-polar world?
Multi-polarity may enhance regional autonomy and reduce dominance by a single superpower, but it can also create competition among powers, potentially leading to instability and conflict over influence.
162
What are the potential risks associated with a bi-polar power structure as seen between the USA and China?
A bi-polar structure can lead to increased tensions and conflicts, as smaller nations may be coerced into choosing sides, which could escalate into military confrontations or economic sanctions.
163
How might the relationship between the USA and China evolve in this multi-polar context, and what implications could this have globally?
The USA and China may engage in strategic competition or cooperation, impacting global trade, security alliances, and climate initiatives, potentially leading to either heightened tensions or collaborative solutions.
164
What are the potential risks associated with a multi-polar world as described in the scenario?
The potential risks include increased competition for resources, regional conflicts, power vacuums leading to instability, and difficulty in forming cohesive international policies.
165
Considering historical contexts, what lessons can be drawn from the inter-war period's multi-polarity that might inform current geopolitical strategies?
The inter-war period illustrates how a lack of dominant power can create vacuums that allow aggressive states to expand unchecked. Current strategies should focus on fostering strong international coalitions to prevent similar scenarios.
166
How might the emergence of a bi-polar world between the USA and China affect global stability compared to the current multi-polar situation?
A bi-polar world could lead to clearer power dynamics, potentially reducing uncertainty but increasing risk of conflict due to opposing ideologies. In contrast, a multi-polar world may foster more cooperation but also create confusion and competition among multiple powers.
167
Considering the historical context, how did the absence of a dominant power during the inter-war period contribute to the rise of aggressive regimes?
The lack of a dominant power created a vacuum that allowed aggressive states like Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan to expand unchecked, leading to heightened tensions and ultimately World War II.
168
What are the potential implications of a multipolar power structure on global geopolitical stability?
increased competition among powers, creating instability as nations vie for influence. However, it could also promote collaboration on global issues if powers find common ground.
169
In what ways might future USA and China relations impact global geopolitical stability after 2030?
fostering a bi-polar world where these two superpowers maintain a tense balance or leading to a multi-polar scenario with other influential countries like India and the EU, which could either stabilize or complicate international relations depending on cooperation or conflict.
170
How do different patterns of power, such as uni-polar, bi-polar, and multi-polar, affect geopolitical stability?
Different patterns of power influence geopolitical stability by determining the balance of influence among nations. A uni-polar world is generally more stable due to a single dominant power, while a bi-polar world can be tense but stable due to the balance of opposing forces. In contrast, a multi-polar world may lead to instability due to competing interests and potential power vacuums.
171
How does a uni-polar world contribute to geopolitical stability?
A uni-polar world contributes to geopolitical stability by having one dominant superpower that can enforce order and manage conflicts, reducing the likelihood of major power struggles. However, the costs of maintaining this hegemony can be high.
172
How does a uni-polar world contribute to geopolitical stability, and what are the potential risks associated with being a hegemon?
A uni-polar world contributes to geopolitical stability by having one dominant superpower that can enforce order and manage conflicts. However, the risks include the high costs of maintaining hegemony and the possibility of overextension in global affairs, which can lead to instability.
173
What are the potential risks associated with a bi-polar power structure, as seen during the Cold War?
heightened tensions and the possibility of conflict between the opposing superpowers, which could escalate into a 'hot' war, as was nearly the case during the Cold War.
174
In what ways might the future geopolitical landscape after 2030 differ from the current global dynamics?
May shift towards either a bi-polar structure dominated by the USA and China or a more multi-polar arrangement involving multiple powers such as the USA, China, India, and the EU. This change would significantly impact global stability and international relations.
175
In what ways could a multi-polar world impact future geopolitical stability after 2030?
A multi-polar world could lead to increased competition among several major powers, potentially resulting in instability due to conflicting interests. However, it might also promote cooperation and balance if no single power dominates, thus preventing any one nation from exerting excessive influence.
176
How does a uni-polar world contribute to geopolitical stability?
Having one dominant superpower that can enforce order and manage conflicts, reducing the likelihood of major power struggles. However, the costs of maintaining this hegemony can be high.
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What were the implications of the multi-polar power structure between the First and Second World Wars for global stability?
created a power vacuum allowing aggressive states like Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan to rise unchecked,
leading to increased instability, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War II.
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In what ways might a multi-polar world impact global influence and stability after 2030?
A multi-polar world may lead to increased regional influences and cooperation among various powers like the USA, China, India, and the EU, but it could also result in competition and instability if no single power is able to effectively mediate conflicts or provide global leadership.
179
During which period was the world characterized as multi-polar, allowing for the rise of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan?
The time between the two World Wars
180
During which period was the world characterized as multi-polar, allowing for the rise of aggressive powers like Nazi Germany?
The period between the two World Wars
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After 2030, what are the two potential patterns of power that could emerge?
Either a bi-polar world (USA and China) or a multi-polar one (USA, China, India, EU)
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What characterizes a uni-polar world in terms of geopolitical stability?
It has one globally dominant superpower.
183
What characterizes a uni-polar world in terms of power dynamics?
One globally dominant superpower or hegemon
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What risk does a multi-polar world present according to historical patterns?
It may lead to power vacuums that enable aggressive states to emerge.
185
During which period was the world characterized as multi-polar, allowing for the rise of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan?
The time between the two World Wars
186
What characterizes a uni-polar world in terms of global power?
One globally dominant superpower or hyperpower
187
How might the geopolitical landscape change after 2030?
It could become bi-polar or remain multi-polar.
188
Which period is characterized by the USA and USSR as the two opposing superpowers?
1945-1990: Cold War
189
Which pattern of power is described as 'scary but stable'?
Bi-polar
190
After 2030, what are the two potential patterns of power that could emerge?
Bi-polar (USA and China) or multi-polar (USA, China, India, EU)
191
What potential future pattern could emerge post-2030?
A bi-polar world dominated by the USA and China.
192
How did the multi-polar world between the wars contribute to instability?
It created a power vacuum that allowed aggressive states to rise.
193
What characterizes a bi-polar world during the Cold War?
A tense stand-off between two superpowers.
194
How might a multi-polar world impact global stability?
It could create power vacuums that lead to conflicts.
195
How does a multi-polar world impact geopolitical stability?
It can increase competition and risk among nations.
196
What historical event exemplifies the dangers of a power vacuum?
The rise of Nazi Germany between the World Wars.
197
How did the lack of a dominant power in the 1930s affect geopolitical stability?
Created a power vacuum that led to aggression
198
Why must global environmental governance agreements involve BRIC countries?
They represent a significant portion of global carbon emissions.
199
Which organization might see increased influence from emerging powers like India seeking a permanent seat?
United Nations Security Council
200
Which group of countries is referred to as BRIC?
Brazil, Russia, India, and China
201
Which emerging power is most likely to rival the USA's current hegemony due to its massive economic growth since 1990?
china
202
Which emerging power is most likely to rival the USA's current hegemony due to its massive economic growth and military ambitions?
china
203
Why is it important for BRIC countries to be involved in climate change agreements?
They account for 42% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
204
Why is China considered a likely rival to the USA's current hegemony?
It possesses vast human resources and a fast-growing economy.
205
What significant role are emerging powers expected to play as their military capacity grows?
Engaging in peacekeeping and responding to disasters
206
Why are BRIC countries considered important in global environmental governance?
They represent a significant share of global carbon emissions
207
How did the involvement of BRIC countries in the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris differ from their role in the Kyoto Protocol?
Their involvement was unprecedented compared to previous agreements.
208
What percentage of global carbon dioxide emissions is accounted for by the BRIC countries?
42%
209
What is the primary reason China is considered a likely rival to the USA's hegemony?
Its massive economic growth since 1990
210
How have emerging powers like China and India changed their role in global governance since 1990?
They are seeking greater influence in global organizations such as the UN.
211
How might China's military ambitions impact its role in international relations?
Increase participation in peacekeeping missions
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What is a key factor contributing to the rise of BRIC countries in global governance?
Their significant share of global carbon emissions
213
What major change occurred at the 2015 conference compared to the Kyoto Protocol?
Inclusion of emerging economies like BRIC in negotiations.
214
Why is the involvement of BRIC countries crucial in climate agreements?
They represent a large share of global carbon emissions.
215
What was a key difference between the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement?
The inclusion of emerging economies in the Paris Agreement
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How might emerging powers influence global decision-making?
By seeking increased representation in global organizations such as the UN
217
What is a key characteristic of China's military ambitions?
Development of a blue water navy
218
How does China's investment strategy in Africa impact its global standing?
Enhances its influence through resource control
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How is China's investment strategy in Africa significant to its global ambitions?
It strengthens economic ties and resource access.
220
What role do BRIC countries play in global climate governance?
They are essential for agreements due to high emissions.
221
Why is it important for global environmental governance agreements to include emerging powers like the BRIC countries?
because they account for a significant portion (42%) of global carbon dioxide emissions, making their participation essential for effective climate change initiatives.
222
What role do BRIC countries play in international peacekeeping missions and disaster response?
As the military capacities of BRIC countries grow, they are likely to take on greater responsibilities in international peacekeeping missions and disaster response efforts, contributing to global stability and humanitarian assistance.
223
How is China's rise as an emerging power likely to impact global economic systems?
China's rise is expected to challenge the current dominance of the USA in global economic systems due to its massive economic growth, significant human resources, and increasing engagement with other regions, particularly through investments in Africa.
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How are emerging powers like China and India expected to influence global organizations in the future?
They are expected to demand more representation and influence in global organizations such as the United Nations, with discussions around India's potential permanent seat on the UN Security Council being a key example.
225
Why is it essential for BRIC countries to be involved in global climate governance agreements?
They account for 42% of global carbon dioxide emissions, making their participation crucial for effective climate change mitigation.
226
What are the implications of China's military ambitions for its role in international relations?
the development of a blue water navy capable of operating beyond its coastal waters, suggest an intention to expand its influence globally, potentially altering power dynamics and increasing its involvement in international security matters.
227
How has China's economic growth since 1990 positioned it as a rival to the USA's global dominance?
China's Growth characterized by rapid industrialization and expansion, has significantly increased its influence in global economic systems, positioning it as a primary rival to the USA's hegemony.
228
Why is it important for emerging economies to be included in discussions about global economic systems?
they represent a significant portion of the world's population and economic growth. Their perspectives and needs must be considered to create effective policies that address global challenges and ensure equitable development.
229
Why is it important for emerging powers to be included in global environmental governance agreements?
account for a significant portion of global carbon dioxide emissions. Their inclusion in environmental governance agreements, such as those addressing climate change, is crucial for effective global action and cooperation.
230
What implications does the shift from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement have for future international climate negotiations?
signifies an inclusive approach where both developed and emerging economies participate, potentially leading to more effective and equitable climate action as it recognizes the responsibilities of all major emitters.
231
What arguments could emerging powers present to justify their demand for permanent seats on the UN Security Council?
Emerging powers can argue their significant economic contributions, large populations, and increasing military capabilities, which reflect their importance in maintaining international peace and security.
232
How might the involvement of BRIC countries in climate change agreements differ from past agreements like the Kyoto Protocol?
Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which excluded developing nations, recent agreements involve BRIC countries as key stakeholders, recognizing their substantial carbon emissions and economic growth, thus necessitating their participation in global environmental governance.
233
How might China's increased investment in Africa impact its global economic standing and relationships with other emerging powers?
China's investment may enhance its economic influence in Africa, securing vital resources while potentially creating dependencies, which could shift power dynamics within BRIC nations and challenge Western dominance.
234
What are the implications of China's ambition to develop a blue water navy for its role in international peacekeeping and global governance?
A blue water navy would enable China to project power globally, increasing its ability to participate in international peacekeeping missions and influence global governance structures, possibly leading to more assertive foreign policy.
235
How might China's proposal at the UN summit reflect its growing political influence among emerging powers?
China's initiative demonstrates its ambition to reshape global governance structures, indicating its transition from a regional power to a key player in international politics, challenging traditional Western dominance.
236
What implications does India's advocacy for a permanent UN Security Council seat have for the future of global governance?
India's push signifies the demand for greater representation of emerging powers in decision-making processes, potentially leading to a more multipolar world where traditional powers like the USA may face diminished influence.
237
How does China's investment in Africa relate to its broader strategy in global economic governance?
China's investments enhance its influence in Africa, providing access to resources while simultaneously increasing its political leverage in global forums like the G20 and WTO, positioning itself as a key player in shaping international policies.
238
Which organization might see increased influence from emerging powers like India seeking a permanent seat?
United Nations Security Council
239
China Strengths that help advance their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-2nd largest GDP(2016)
-Powerful manufacturing economy
-Growing military power and technology
240
China weaknesses that inhibit their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-ageing population
-unwilling to engage with global problems
-environmental problems
241
India Strengths that help advance their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-7th largest GDP
-youthful population (will become a large working-age population in the future)
-global leader in IT technology
242
India Weaknesses that inhibit their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-widespread poverty
-poor energy and transport infrastructure
-lack of water resources
243
Brazil Strengths that help advance their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-9th largest GDP
-huge natural resources and farming potential
-modern economic structure
244
Brazil weaknesses that inhibit their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-economy has boom and bust cycles
-limited military strength
245
Russia Strengths that help advance their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-12th largest GDP
-very powerful, nuclear armed military
-large oil and gas reserves
246
Russia weaknesses that inhibit their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-difficult relations with the rest of the world
-ageing population
247
Japan Strengths that help advance their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-3rd largest GDP
-technological advanced economy and global TNCs
-culturally influential via tech eg. gaming
248
Japan weaknesses that inhibit their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-ageing, declining population
-very slow economic growth since 1990
249
Mexico Strengths that help advance their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-15th largest GDP
-advanced economy, part of NAFTA
250
Mexico weaknesses that inhibit their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-poor reputation for crime and corruption
251
Nigeria Strengths that help advance their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-26th largest GDP
-untapped natural resources
-vast population and growth potential
252
Nigeria weaknesses that inhibit their economic and geopolitical role in the future
-deep seated poverty
-internal conflict
253
What is the common trend between countries like Russia, China, Japan and some EU countries?
May face major problems in the future due to their ageing/declining populations, due to increasingly costly healthcare as their workforce shrinks
254
What could the shortage of physical resources lead to?
This could derail the ambitions of some countries (India)
255
Why are China, Mexico and Brazil more likely to be more successful than India, Indonesia and Nigeria?
They have:
-modern infrastructure
-balanced economic sectors
-good energy supplies
256
Why has china failed to become a global superpower?
They have not:
-engaged with the rest of the world
-become a leader of global security
-fight against terrorism
-responded to disasters and environmental issues
257
What are the three development theories?
-World System Theory
-Dependency Theory
-Modernization Theory
258
What are development theories used for?
can be used to help explain the changing patterns of power
259
What is the modernization theory?
Also known as the 'Take-Off model'
Suggests that economic development only begins when certain pre-conditions are met: modern infrastructure, education, banking and effective government
260
Who made the modernisation theory?
W.W. Rostow
261
What is the dependency theory?
Argues that a relationship between developed and developing countries is one of dependency
262
who made the dependency theory?
A.G. Frank
263
What does the dependency theory outline?
-This prevents developing countries from making economic progress
-Neo-colonial mechanisms and a net transfer of wealth from developing to developed world are responsible
264
Who made the world systems theory?
Immanuel Wallerstein
265
what does the world systems theory outline?
Does not see the world in Frank's developed versus developing world terms, but rather as a global system of core, semi-periphery and periphery nations. The semi-periphery countries are the emerging economies, some of which are economic superpowers.
266
What is the world systems theory good for?
It is a good fit for the current pattern of developed, emerging and developing countries.
267
How is the modernisation theory useful?
useful in explaining how some countries manage to become wealthy
268
What do all the theories lack?
Explanation behind why some countries but not others, become superpowers.
269
Definition of Hegemon
A supreme leader
270
Definition of Hyperpower
A hyperpower is a state that is extremely powerful and dominates all other states in every area of activity
271
Definition of a power vacuum
a political situation where there is no clear leader or authority figure, or where there is a lack of control or influence in a particular area
