Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level Edexcel Geography > Superpowers > Flashcards

Superpowers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is a superpower?

A

nation/group of nations with a leading position in international politics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where did the word superpower originate

A

the late 1940s when it was used to describe the three dominant powers - USA, USSR, British Empire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an emerging superpower?

A

A nation whose economic, military and political influence is already large and growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a regional power?

A

Influences other countries at continental scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of regional powers

A

South Africa to Africa, Saudi Arabia, Chile, Australia, India

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can superpowers be defined by using contrasting characteristics? (pillars of power)

A 
Economic
Military 
Political
Cultural
Demographic
Access to natural resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the basis of being a superpower?

A

Economic strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are economic factors that help a superpower succeed?

A
  • high GDP
  • high levels of global trade and influence over it
  • TNC headquarters
  • hard currency is held in other countries’ reserves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are political factors that help a superpower succeed?

A
  • permanent seat on UN Security Council
  • ability to influence others on UN and WTO
  • many multilateral agreements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are military factors that help a superpower succeed? and achieve geopolitical goals

A
  • threat of military action as well as military force
  • high expenditure on military resources such as hardware, personnel, nuclear weapons
  • intelligence network
  • tech exporter
  • blue water navy
  • drones/missiles/satellite tech
  • national defence budgets and tech are often more important than military size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are cultural factors that help a superpower succeed?

A
  • rich cultural history voluntarily enjoyed by many e.g music, fashion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are demographic factors that help a superpower succeed?

A
  • large proportion of international employees
  • skilled workers are attracted to the country
  • not necessarily a large pop, as shown by Singapore, which has pop. of half of London, yet has become a key player in Asia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does access to resources help boost power?

A
  • in the form of physical and human resources
  • level of education and skills
  • number of people
  • lessens dependency if they have e.g oil
  • ability to trade commodities
  • viable location
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What would some add to superpower factors?

A

physical size

geographical position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is China’s position as a superpower contested?

A

-lack of cultural and political influence (in e.g UN, WTO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is USA the biggest superpower?

A
  • 16 of top 20 unis
  • gives most financial assistance ($33 billion)
  • most migration to USA (45 mill foreign-born living in US, 4x that of next country)
  • 37% of world’s military spending
  • $53,000 per capita GDP, compared w/ China;s $6000
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is OECD? When set up, how many members

A

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

35 developed countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who is in G8?

A 
Canada
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Russia
UK
USA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why was G8 most influential until recently

A

global shift to Asia has meant G20 is more significant, as it includes G8 plus 12 others, including BRICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who is in G20?

A 
G8
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
China
EU
India
Indonesia
Mexico
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
SK
Turkey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who is in the UN Security Council?

A

UK, USA, Russia, China, France permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the UN Security Council’s purpose?

A

to approve military intervention only when justified in particular conflicts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

7.1B What does maintaining power sit on a spectrum from

A

hard to soft power, which vary in their effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is hard power

A

how countries get their way using force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Soft power

A

power of persuasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The power spectrum and what makes up each power

A

Hard Power……..Economic Power………..Soft POwer
-Military action -aid -cultural
and conquest, or - favourable attractiveness
threat of it trade agreements -moral authority of
-alliances nation’s foreign
-economic policy
sanctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who first used the term soft power and when

A

Joseph Nye, political scientist, in 1990

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What did Nye argue about power?

A

that the most POWERFUL countries use smart power, a combination of hard and soft mechanisms, to get their way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why are the uses of diff power necessary?

A

hard power can often not go as planned, a blunt instrument, and soft power alone may not persuade a nation, especially if they are very culturally different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three ways in which the UK uses soft power?

A

history
culture
diplomacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How UK uses history to increase soft power

A

maintain cultural links w/ Commonwealth countries
common law approach, which is widely modelled around the world, for its neutrality, transparency etc attracts FDI to London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How UK uses culture to increase soft power

A
  • BBC is major international broadcaster
  • English is most spoken after Mandarin
  • BBC News widens UK’s influence through soft power
  • 2012 Olympics
  • international consultancy firms such as PriceWaterhouse Coopers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How UK uses diplomacy to soft increase power

A
  • one of the largest embassy and high commissions networks
  • British diplomats are widely respected
  • influential in imposing economic sanctions, such as on Russia after Ukraine involvement
  • always sought to support weaker countries against takeover, thus maintaining balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is diplomacy?

A

managing international relations, typically by a country’s representatives abroad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the historian Niall Ferguson think about superpowers?

A

they should ‘stand astride the world like a Collosus, recognising that hard power is vital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Examples of USA’s military power use

A
  • confronting Taliban and murdering Osama bin Laden
  • the killing of Iran’s Qasem Soleimani 2020
  • Afghanistan War as a result of 9/11
    (more examples)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Examples of USA’s economic power use

A
  • exports many goods, global brands such as Apple
  • dominance in innovation and intellectual property, such as patents
  • World Bank, IMF, WTO help spread USA’s economic power
    (more examples)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How has importance of hard and soft power changed over time

A

hard less, soft more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What was Mackinder’s geostrategic location theory?

A
  • to exert influence, it is crucial for a country to control areas of land
  • 1904
  • so three components of the world
  • the World Island, made up of Europe, Asia and Africa, which was supposedly the largest and most wealthy combination of continents
  • offshore islands, including British Isles and Japan
  • Outlying Islands, including N, S America, Australasia
  • the Heartland was at the centre of the World Island which was the pivot area as it contained 50% of the world’s resources, and controlling this are wld gain control of the World Island, therefore the rest of the world.
  • Heartland was controlled by Russia, but could be invaded
  • the further away from the heartland, the less influence it would have
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Reception to Mackinder’s Theory

A
  • much criticism, as it is questionable how applicable it is today
  • but it is claimed that it has influenced key foreign policies, so remains relevant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How has MacKinder’s ‘heartland’ changed over time

A

moved towards China 2000-2025

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is sharp power

A

helps authoritarian regimes such as China coerce and manipulate opinions abroad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How has China used sharp power

A
  • interfered in Australian politics by e.g bribing Australian senator to defend China
  • spying on diaspora with subversion, bullying, to promote self-censorship
  • using LinkedIn to pose people as recruiters and trap politicians
  • punished Norway economically for awarding NObel Peace Prize to Chinese pro-democracy activist
  • pressure Western professors to recant
  • block access for foreign researchers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why is China using sharp power?

A

a lot at stake, as the Chinese diaspora may pick up democratic habits from foreigners and infect China

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the three different distributions of global power?

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a unipolar world

A

dominated by one superpower (e.g British Empire)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a bipolar world

A

two superpowers vie for power (USA, USSR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a unipolar world

A

Many powers vie for power in diff regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe British Empire

A
  • high point of unipolar world
  • 1920 ruled over 20% of world’s population, 25% of land area
  • Royal Navy dominated, twice as big as Germany’s, the next biggest in 1914
  • colonisation maintained with British farms, military forces, indigenous suppressed, racism, justified by moral superiority that God was on Britain’s side
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Imperial power

A

extends rule or authority of empire/nation over other countries, with colonies+ dependency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Colonialism

A

external nation takes direct control of territory by force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the two phases the British empire can be seen as growing in

A

Mercantile Phase
then
Imperial Phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

When was the Mercantile Phase

A

1600-1850

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

When was the Imperial Phase

A

1850-1945

55
Q

What happened in Mercantile Phase

A
  • small colonies acquired (New England, Jamaica etc)

- forts, navy, trade in raw materials, slaves used

56
Q

What happened in Imperial Phase

A
  • Coastal colonies extended inland
  • religion, competitive sport such as cricket, language introduced to colonies
  • British govs set up in other countries
  • complex trade develops
  • farms and plantations set up
  • technology such as railways and telegraph used to connect distant parts of empire
57
Q

What was the All Red Line

A

network of underwater telegraph cables all controlled by UK

58
Q

Example of demonstration of power of British Empire

A

time zones based in Greenwich in London

59
Q

How did Britain control India?

A
  • British ran the Raj
  • thwarted rebellions such as Indian Rebellion 1857 against British rule
  • even educated Indians had lower positions
  • acculturation (taking on culture) of British traditions, such as cricket, afternoon tea, English language
60
Q

How did the British empire decline?

A
  • not financially viable
  • new boundaries were starting conflict
  • Royal Navy was not strong enough to protect the whole empire
  • realised they had no right to rule people such as massacre in India 1919 led many British to question the morality of colonialism
  • it was becoming a multi-polar world
61
Q

What made the world more multipolar after WW1?

A
  • Germany started to become more powerful especially in the 30s as Hitler became ruler
  • Imperial Japan was becoming more of an Asian influence
  • USA was econ. and milit. stronger
  • European powers were weakened by poor economy and cost of empire maintenance
  • emerging powers were threatening the traditional spheres of influence
  • after WW2, Britain was near bankrupt and dependent on US support
62
Q

When did Zimbabwe leader die? Name?

A
  • 2019

- Mugabe

63
Q

What are the factors of indirect control?

A

political
economic
military
cultural

64
Q

What has made multi-faceted control more important?

A

Cold War

Emergence of China as potential rival to USA’s hegemony (dominance)

65
Q

What is in a capitalist regime?

A
  • business and property is privately owned
  • gov is chosen in free democratic elections
  • being free of control by the gov is more important than everyone being equal
  • can be a wealthy country but with extremes of great wealth and poverty
66
Q

What was in USSR communist regime?

A
  • all property is publicly owned
  • elections held, but as it is was one-party dictatorship, all candidates are communist
  • rights of individuals were less important than the good of society as a whole
  • general standard of living was low, but unemployment and extreme poverty were rare
  • individuals’ lives were tightly controlled
67
Q

Why did most colonial powers lose their colonies by 1970?

A
  • post-war bankruptcy
  • focus on post-war reconstruction at home meant colonies were less important
  • anti-colonial movements could not be ignored
68
Q

Who were the main powers in the Cold War?

A

USA, USSR

69
Q

What distribution of power was in Cold War?

A

Bipolar

70
Q

What is neocolonialism?

A

form of indirect control over developing countries that are supposed to be independent

71
Q

How did superpowers still maintain influence over old colonies in the Cold War? (one term)

A

neo-colonialism

72
Q

What are some possible methods of neo-colonial control?

A
  • strategic alliances
  • aid (SAPs etc)
  • TNC investment (with policies)
  • terms of trade
  • debt
73
Q

How did the USA and USSR maintain power in the Cold War (factors)?

A 
Military power
Physical Resources
Human Resources
Allies
Political System
Economic System
Cultural Influence
(Proxy Wars)
74
Q

How did USA maintain power in the Cold War through military power?

A
  • largest navy, air forces
  • large network of nuclear bases
  • CIA intelligence
  • part of NATO which provided military strength to members
75
Q

How did USSR maintain power in the Cold War through military power?

A
  • Iron Curtain was heavily defended with guards
  • nuclear weapons, army, troops
  • KGP intelligence
  • Warsaw Pact for military strength
  • Eastern Germany was controlled
76
Q

How did USA and USSR maintain power through physical resources in the Cold War?

A

Both were self-sufficient in most raw materials, such as oil

77
Q

How many human resources did USA and USSR have in Cold War Why was this beneficial?

A

US 287 million 1989
USSR 291 million 1991
helped maintain power

78
Q

How did USSR maintain power with its political system in the Cold War?

A
  • Single-party state with no free elections
  • Satellite countries’ elections were only with approved candidates
  • harsh treatment of politicians and people who were not linientreu
    such as Hungarian Uprising 1956 and Czech Spring 1968 were ultimately squashed by USSR
79
Q

How did USA and USSR maintain power through proxy wars in the Cold War? (supported one side but did not directly fight)

A

Korean War 50-53
Vietnam War 55-75 (fought directly by USA, but indirectly by communist China and USSR weapons)
Cuban Missile Crisis 62 (closest to direct conflict)
always nuclear threat that could make it a ‘hot war’

80
Q

How did USA maintain power through economic systems in Cold War?

A

-capitalist, free-market economy
-TNCs
-Marshall PLan, which was financial aid to help European countries rebuild war damage and also promoted containerism
World Bank, IMF, SAPs

81
Q

How did USSR maintain power through economic systems in Cold War?

A

socialist, centrally planned economy, where because businesses were state-owned, everything flowed back into the state

82
Q

How did USA maintain power through cultural influences in the Cold War?

A
  • media such as TV to convey positive consumerism, family values, democracy
  • Red Menace film and others to generate suspicion of Communism
  • propaganda
83
Q

How did USSR maintain power through cultural influences in the Cold War?

A
  • message focused on ballet, classical music, art
  • strict censorship
  • propaganda
84
Q

What is the power distribution today?

A

unipolar (USA), but increasingly multipolar (India and China more power)

85
Q

Why might a unipolar world be unstable?

A

-hyperpower cannot maintain power everywhere with challenges

86
Q

Why could a bipolar world be stable? Unstable?

A

two blocs mean if communication between is open, the powers can control their own bloc

But if there is not good communication this can lead to conflict (Cold War)

87
Q

Who is in the BRICs?

A

Brazil
Russia
India
China

88
Q

Which countries are considered increasingly important to global economic systems, as well as global environment governance? 7.3a

A

BRICs

other G20 members

89
Q

What are the factors of strengths and weaknesses that could inhibit/advance emerging countries/ economic and geopolitical role? 7.3b

A 
economic
political
military
cultural 
demographic
environmental
90
Q

What do emerging countries vary in their influence on ? (2 factors) 7.3

A

people

physical environment

91
Q

Why will things change for USA and EU’s influence?

A
  • EU and Japan’s ageing populations slow economic growth
  • USA will have moderate economic growth, not rapid
  • China’s manufacturing economy is shifting to tertiary
  • India, Indonesia, Nigeria are developing quickly, as are other emerging countries
  • global shift, outsourcing
92
Q

What future superpowers are likely to emerge from two groups of countries which overlap?

A

BRICs, don’t rival USA yet

G20

93
Q

How much of world’s GDP do G20 account for?

A

85%

94
Q

How much influence do BRICs have at World Bank and IMF

A

little

95
Q

What did BRICs set up to increase influence?

A

New Development Bank (NDB)

Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA)

96
Q

What does New Development Bank do?

A
  • competes with IMF to fund infrastructure and development projects
97
Q

What is the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA)?

A

aims to protect against global liquidity pressures, where currency is especially concerned

98
Q

What bank did China set up and why?

A

China Development Bank to provide development funds and overall increase influence

99
Q

What was formed in 2011 which shows signs of economic emergence?

A

MINT

100
Q

Who is in MINT?

A

Mexico
Indonesia
Nigeria
Turkey

101
Q

Who is in the Next Eleven?

A

MINT

Iran, Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam, SK

102
Q

Who identified ‘Next Eleven’ and why?

A

Goldman Sachs

Potential to be the largest economies

103
Q

What is USA’s and China’s power in comparison with each other predicted to be in 2030?

A

more equal

104
Q

Why are India and Nigeria predicted to be regional rather than global powers by 2030?

A

Only 1-2 trillion GDP predicted, compared with China’s 22 trillion

105
Q

What are the weaknesses of the EU?

A
  • 28 nations rarely agree
  • EU economy has been weak since global financial crisis
  • ageing pop
  • Brexit
106
Q

Why one should not be completely sure of China being next global superpower (Japan)

A
  • 80s Japan predicted to be superpower, as it had higher per capita GDP than UK and USA 1980, and largest electrics exporter, cars
  • but since 1995 Japan has hardly grown
107
Q

Why has Japan hardly grown since 1995?

A
  • property value bubble burst in 1989, led to stock market collapse
  • high interests promoted saving
  • ageing pop hindered economic growth
  • other Asian economies stole Japan’s lead on tech
108
Q

Strengths of Brazil (5 things)

A
  • SA leader, regional alliances w/ seat on UN Security Council
  • strong agricultural economy
  • energy independent w/ biofuels
  • growing middle class and consumerism
  • culturally influential w/ 2016 Olympics, carnivals
109
Q

Weaknesses of Brazil (5 things)

A
  • small military
  • economy fluctuates
  • deforestation and corruption with new president worsens cultural influence
  • lower education levels
  • poverty - 25% of Brazilians live in favelas
110
Q

Russia Pros (3)

A
  • nuclear power
  • oil and gas reserves
  • permanent seat on UN Security Council
111
Q

Russia Cons (4)

A
  • ageing, declining pop
  • extreme inequality
  • overly dependent on oil and gas
  • difficult diplomatic relationships
112
Q

India Pros (4)

A
  • young pop
  • English is widely spoken
  • good education
  • nuclear tech
113
Q

India cons (4)

A

possible future shortages of water+energy
poor transport and energy infrastructure
poverty
poor relations w/ Pakistan and neighbours

114
Q

China Pros and Cons (10)

A
  • good education, tech, renewables
  • strong military which is challenging USA
  • modern infrastructure such as high speed rail
  • permanent seat on UN Security Council
  • but will have problems w/ ageing pop
  • pollution
  • tense relationships
  • rising wages make manufacturing economy less viable
  • relies on imported raw materials
  • corruption and censorship hinders human development
115
Q

Mexico Pros and Cons

A
  • part of the N American Free Trade Agreement, advanced economy
  • becoming more democratic and ‘open for business’
  • crime worsens cultural image
  • population is increasingly obese
  • skilled workers often migrate out from Mexico
116
Q

Indonesia Pros and Cons

A
  • young, potentially dynamic pop with economic potential
  • large untapped natural resources
  • deforestation at large scale
  • poverty
  • internal political instability
117
Q

Turkey Pros and Cons

A

-economy is partially integrated w/ EU
-member of NATO military alliance
young education, improving education
-internal political problems w/ Kurdish minority
-external political instability w/ Middle East

118
Q

Examples of China’s increasing military might

A
  • army forces are becoming leaner and more capable
  • defence budget increasing 6-7%/year
  • firms are helping develop it, and advantage is that they have no choice if told to do so
  • air-air missiles, such as PL-15 are comparable to Western equivalents- can destroy aircraft 50km away
119
Q

What are the 3 theories of development? In order of age

A

Modernisation Theory
Dependency Theory
World Systems Theory

120
Q

When was Modernisation Theory developed and by who?

A

Rostow 1960

121
Q

When was dependency theory developed and by who?

A

Frank 1967

122
Q

When was World Systems Theory developed and by who?

A

Wallerstein 1970s

123
Q

Describe the Modernisation Theory

A
  • outlines 5 stages a country must go through to develop
  • a country needs these preconditions to rapidly develop to take off
  • Capitalist model
124
Q

What preconditions in Modernisation Theory?

A

raw materials, infrastructure, tech, banking, governance, education

125
Q

What are the 5 Stages in the Modernisation Theory?

A 
1 - the Traditional Society
2 - Pre-conditions for take off
3 - Take off
4 - The Drive to Maturity 
5 - High Mass Consumption
126
Q

Criticisms of Modernisation Theory

A
  • no explanation for progress
  • assumes development is always increasing
  • even when preconditions are met, some countries have not taken off
  • out of date
127
Q

Describe the Dependency Theory

A
  • splits world into developed core countries and undeveloped peripheral countries
  • suggests that countries remain in their positions of development
  • the ‘satellite’ countries provide service to the core
  • core’s power is maintained by tariffs, SAPs, privatisation
128
Q

Criticisms of Dependency Theory

A
  • emerging countries contradict model

- static, suggests countries are permanently undeveloped

129
Q

Countries that fit Modernisation Theory

A

‘Asian Tigers’, after China

130
Q

Countries that fit Dependency Theory

A
  • developed countries that have long been developed, such as UK, USA, W European countries that continue to exploit developing countries w/ SAPs etc
  • DRC, which is being exploited for oil
131
Q

Describe the World Systems Theory

A
  • splits world into three groups
  • core , semi periphery, periphery regions
  • OECD, USA, EU in core, NICs of S America, Asia in semi-periphery, Developing countries in periphery
  • countries are not static in position
  • core nations use semi-periphery to manufacture w/ SEZs, and get FDI
  • periphery regions provide raw materials and labour
  • fits most w/ today’s world; dependency theory fits up until 1980s
132
Q

Criticisms of World Systems Theory

A

-shows patterns of power without explaining

133
Q

Which countries fit World Systems Theory

A

all

A Level Edexcel Geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions