Superpowers Flashcards
What is geopolitical?
The influence of geographical factors (size, population, economy) on the actions of countries- often affecting their foreign policies
What is a superpower?
A country that projects its power and ideas globally and can influence other countries using its economic, political, military and cultural strengths
What is a regional power?
A leading country on a continental scale (brazil, Nigeria)
What is an emerging power?
A power that has influence in certain areas (china, Russia)
What is the areal extent of power referring to?
superpowers
regional powers
emerging powers
What is the nature of power referring to?
economic power military power political power resources cultural power
What is economic power?
Something that provides the wealth to maintain a powerful military, exploit natural resources and develop human ones (education)
What is Military power?
Something used to achieve geopolitical goals (large navy, nuclear weapons and missile technology)
What is political power?
The influence others through diplomacy- exercised through international organisations (UN and IMF)
what is cultural power?
The appeal to others of a nations way of life, values and ideology - through media and arts and food
What are Resources?
Physical resources (fossil fuels, common and rare minerals) and human resources (cheap labour)
What is a sanction?
A penalty applied against one country by another country or group of countries, e.g. the UN - often economic, cultural or sporting
What is a Geo-strategy?
The policies required to secure resources (land/minerals) that a country wants
How do powerful country exert there power?
Hard power and soft power
What is hard power?
A country using economic and/or military strength to influence other countries e.g. to obtain trade deals or impose sanctions- can be expensive and risky (allies could be lost)
What is soft power?
A more subtle and gradual influence, e.g. diplomacy and cultural practices (arts projects and travel encouragements) low cost, but may be ineffective
How has the relative power of nations changed overtime?
The importance of the nature of the power mechanism being employed
Who influenced hard power?
The geo-strategic thinking of H. J. Mackinder (1904)
What did H. J. Mackinder identify?
He identified a central region of Eurasia he named the heartland - a continental area stretching from Russia to china, and from the Himalayas to the arctic
What did H. J. Mackinder argue?
That this was the key geo-strategic location in the world because control of it commanded a huge portion of the worlds physical and human resources
How was Mackinder’s theory influential?
Because it contributed to policies of containment: after the first world war attempts to limit the land controlled by Germany
after the second world war: attempts to contain the USSR from expanding to the west and south
The American Truman doctrine policy of the 1940s/50s to contain the spread of communism from the USSR and China
What are the recent trends in the 21st century?
Soft power has been dominant
there have however been recent examples of hard power being exerted in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya and Ukraine which was led by the USA and Russia
What is an empire?
A group of country’s ruled over by another country, usually taken by conquest
What is colonialism?
The establishment and maintenance of rule by a sovereign power over the people of an empire - several European countries had colonies in the nineteenth century
What is a multipolar world?
Where there are several superpowers competing for power
What is NAFTA?
NORTH AMERICXAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
USA, Canada, and Mexico
What are the G7/G8/G20?
The 6/7/19 most economically powerful countries in the world, plus the EU
What is NATO?
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGAINSATION
What is Neo-colonialism?
A country’s retention of influence over other countries, especially its former colonies, often by economic or political measures
What several European powers each had an empire up to the end of the second world war?
Britain Germany Spain Portugal France
what do empires depend on having?
A powerful navy to transport troops and equipment and to protect sea routes and lanes
Government-backed businesses to exploit resources - metal ores and the products of plantations (sugar cane, tea, rubber)
A large merchant navy to transport these resources back to the home country
What is key to colonialism?
An efficient civil service was key to this