superpowers Flashcards
superpower definition
a nation with the means to project its power and influence anywhere in the world, and to be a global force. demands huge amounts of resources and economy
emerging superpower
refers to the rising, primarily economic influence of a nation. steadily increasing their influence in global affairs
hyperpower
an unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power.
hard power
use of military force
soft power
attraction and persuasion aligned with particular values
in 2019 ranking; uk 2nd , usa 5th, china 27th
sharp power
manipulation of political decision making, espionage and hacking
economic power
having power through economic dominance or investment in an area
America case study
military - top spender on it, 800 bases around world in 84 countries, which cost 70-100 billion a year to keep open.
china case study
largest navy
2nd largest pop
2nd largest gdp
highly educated pop
leads in field like renewable energy
modern transport infrastructure
military control is increasing
growth rate is slowing down
ongoing property market decline
aging pop
major pollution
tense relations with neighbours eg east and south china sea
rising wages make its economy bad for tnc
relies on imported raw materials
heartland theory
theory from Britain - believed that to exert influence it is crucial for a country to control strategic areas of land. specifically an area of land in Eurasia from Russia to china named heartland. area full of natural resources. had links to the russo-german pact. -outdated
Unipolar
one singular hyperpower
brics
brazil, russia, china, india, south africa
brazil
rich in natural resoucres
strong global soft power
regional leader in latin america
energy independent in oil and biofuels
growing middle class
2016 olympics growing influence
unstable economy
significant political divide
small military
needs to control deforestation
education lacks behind competitors
russia
nuclear power with high military capacity
huge oil and gas reserves
permanent seat on UN council
disorganised and poorly trained military (shown through invasion of ukraine)
aging and declining population
extreme levels of inequality
economy dependent on oil and gas
difficult geopolitics and relationships
india
largest pop
largest military personal
economic growth 7% a year
growing working age population
3rd largest gdp
nuclear armed with sophisticated tech
english is widely spoken
possible future resource shortages
poor transport and energy nfrastructure
high levels of poverty
poor political relations
dependency theory
core developed countries and peripheral underdeveloped countries
relies on some countries remaining underdeveloped
static model
some countries have broken free
raw materials to core and manufactured goods to periphery
world systems theory
3 tier world
core semi periphery and periphery
theory of supercycles - rise and fall of superpowers and technology
core to periphery - high profit consumption goods
periphery to core - cheap labour and raw materials
modernisation theory
story of capitalist growth society
5 stages - trad soceity, pre conditions to take off, take off, drive to maturity, age of high mass consumption.
relies on the country having certain things such as natural resources, physical infrastructure
doesnt take into account loans and aid
now outdated as china and india have leapfrogged some steps
how can tncs influence politics
donations to parties
state owned tncs eg gazprom
employment or bribery of government officials
government use it as players
- foreign mergers
takeovers
transfer pricing
top 6 media companies
5 owned by us allows them t control narratives
role of tncs within soft power
more consumption of us views globally
patent
granting of exclusive right of ownership and possession of intellectual property over a fixed time
organised by WTO
benefits roch and leaves people in lower developed countries wihout access as global tnc controls the price
eg GM crops and HIV vaccine
tensions between superpowers
resource competition
geopolitical rivalries
economic competition
military expansion
technological competition
environmental and climate issues
