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Psycho 2 > Summurary > Flashcards

Summurary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main pathway of communication between the brain and the body?

A

Spinal cord

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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral column

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4
Q

Name the three layers of meninges.

A
  • Pia mater (inner layer)
  • Arachnoid (middle layer)
  • Dura mater (outermost layer)
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5
Q

What provides cushioning for the spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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6
Q

What shape does the grey matter of the spinal cord resemble?

A

H (butterfly)

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7
Q

What does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord do?

A

Receives sensory neurons

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8
Q

What is the function of the ventral horn in the spinal cord?

A

Contains motor neuron cell bodies

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9
Q

What type of reflex involves a direct connection between sensory and motor neurons?

A

Monosynaptic reflex

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10
Q

True or False: Reflexes can be overridden by signals from the cerebral cortex.

A

True

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11
Q

Which part of the brainstem connects the brain and spinal cord?

A

Brainstem

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12
Q

What are the three main components of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
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13
Q

What is the function of the medulla in the brainstem?

A

Controls vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing)

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14
Q

What does the pons connect?

A

Cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

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15
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

A

I Olfactory

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16
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Vision (sensory)

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is involved in eye movement and pupil constriction.

A

Oculomotor nerve

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18
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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19
Q

Which structure in the diencephalon processes sensory information?

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Dopamine production, affected in Parkinson’s disease

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22
Q

Which pathway in the basal ganglia facilitates movement?

A

Direct Pathway

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23
Q

What type of disease is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Neurodegenerative disease

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24
Q

What is the primary role of the cerebellum?

A

Motor function

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25
Q

What clinical test is used to assess cerebellar function?

A

Finger-to-Nose Test

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26
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

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27
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior lobe
  • Flocculonodular lobe
28
Q

Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains Purkinje cells?

A

Purkinje layer (middle)

29
Q

What type of symptoms do cerebellar lesions typically produce?

A

Ipsilateral symptoms

30
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A
  • Motivation
  • Emotion
  • Learning
  • Memory
31
Q

What regulates physiological states via the autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

32
Q

What is the Papez circuit associated with?

A

Limbic system structures and emotional responses

33
Q

What regulates physiological states via the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

The hypothalamus

The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis.

34
Q

What is the first neural model of emotion proposed in 1937?

A

Papez Circuit

It outlines the pathway of emotional processing in the brain.

35
Q

Which structure is responsible for conscious emotional experience?

A

Cingulate cortex

It integrates emotional responses and cognitive processes.

36
Q

List three key functions of the amygdala.

A
  • Fear
  • Aggression
  • Emotional learning

The amygdala is vital for processing emotions and responding to threats.

37
Q

What condition results from bilateral damage to the amygdala?

A

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

This syndrome includes symptoms such as hyperorality and decreased fear responses.

38
Q

What type of memory is conscious and involves facts and experiences?

A

Declarative (explicit) memory

It refers to memories that can be consciously recalled.

39
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

−70 mV

At this potential, the inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside.

40
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is crucial for converting short-term memories into long-term memories.

A

hippocampus

The hippocampus plays a key role in memory consolidation.

41
Q

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

A
  • Pumps 3 Na+ out
  • Pumps 2 K+ in

It helps maintain the resting potential of the neuron.

42
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  • Pia mater
  • Arachnoid
  • Dura mater

These layers protect the brain and spinal cord.

43
Q

What is the role of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Prevents harmful substances from entering the brain

It also helps maintain a stable environment for the brain.

44
Q

What happens during depolarization of a neuron?

A

Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes in

This process makes the inside of the neuron more positive.

45
Q

True or False: The hippocampus is the final storage site for long-term memories.

A

False

Long-term memories are stored in the cortex, not the hippocampus.

46
Q

What is the primary cause of Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Chronic alcohol consumption leading to thiamine deficiency

This syndrome results in severe memory impairments.

47
Q

What is the effect of neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors?

A

Prevent neurotransmitter reabsorption

SSRIs are examples that increase serotonin levels in the brain.

48
Q

List two major blood vessels supplying the brain.

A
  • Internal carotid arteries
  • Vertebral arteries

These arteries ensure adequate blood flow to the brain.

49
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Shock absorption and buoyancy for the brain

CSF reduces the effective weight of the brain and protects it from injury.

50
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is essential for the fight-or-flight response.

A

norepinephrine

Norepinephrine increases alertness and prepares the body for action.

51
Q

What is the consequence of a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Increased brain pressure and neuronal damage

This type of stroke is caused by a ruptured blood vessel.

52
Q

What causes an ischemic stroke?

A

Blocked blood vessel

This blockage leads to a lack of oxygenated blood and subsequent brain tissue death.

53
Q

What is the primary role of the amygdala’s lateral nucleus?

A

Learning fear associations

It helps in forming memories related to fear-inducing stimuli.

54
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A
  • Headache
  • Fever
  • Vomiting
  • Neck stiffness
  • Sensitivity to light

These symptoms result from inflammation of the meninges.

55
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

ACh is critical for initiating muscle contractions.

56
Q

What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

A

Protects the CNS by preventing harmful substances from entering and maintains ion balance for proper neuron function.

57
Q

What structural feature of brain capillaries contributes to the impermeability of the BBB?

A

Capillaries in the brain lack gaps.

58
Q

What role do transport proteins play in the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A

Control the movement of essential substances (e.g., glucose, amino acids).

59
Q

What experiment did Ehrlich conduct to demonstrate the existence of the BBB?

A

Discovered that dyes injected into the bloodstream did not stain the brain.

60
Q

Where is the Area Postrema located and what is its function?

A

Located in the medulla, it detects toxins in the blood and triggers vomiting to prevent poisoning.

61
Q

List the protective structures of the brain.

A
  • Cranium
  • Meninges
  • CSF
  • BBB
62
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  • Dura mater (tough outer layer)
  • Arachnoid mater (CSF circulation)
  • Pia mater (follows brain surface)
63
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Circulates through ventricles & subarachnoid space and drains into dural venous sinuses.

64
Q

What condition is caused by the build-up of cerebrospinal fluid due to blockage?

A

Hydrocephalus

65
Q

What are the two types of stroke?

A
  • Hemorrhagic (bleeding)
  • Ischemic (blockage)
66
Q

True or False: The Blood-Brain Barrier allows all substances to enter the brain.

67
Q

Fill in the blank: The Blood-Brain Barrier protects the brain from toxins, except in the _______.

A

area postrema

Psycho 2 (7 decks)

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