Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biol1090 > summery > Flashcards

summery Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structures of viruses:

A

1) a nucleic acid genome
2) a protein capsid that covers the genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Theory:

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
  3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Basic properties of cells (9) (CGRECMSSE)

A
  1. Highly COMPLEX and ORGANIZED.
  2. Activity controlled by a GENETIC program.
  3. Can REPRODUCE—make copies of themselves.
  4. Assimilate and utilize ENERGY.
  5. Carry out many CHEMICAL reactions (enzymes).
  6. Engage in MECHANICAL activities.
  7. Respond to STIMULI.
  8. Capable of SELF-REGULATION.
  9. They EVOLVE.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What Does it Take to Make a CELL ? (3)

A
  1. information
  2. chemistry
  3. compartments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two MAIN cell types:

A

Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The _____ is a dynamic INFORMATION system

A

GENOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell function is dependent on ______ reactions occurring in _______

A

CHEMICAL, COMPARTMENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are viruses?

A

Viruses are macromolecular packages that can function and reproduce only within living cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outside of cells, viruses exist as

A

inanimate
particles called VIRIONS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Structure of viruses (3)

A
  • Protein coat (capsid) that
    surrounds nucleic acid
  • Enclosed in a protein-
    containing membrane
    (enveloped) or not (naked
    or unenveloped)
  • Nucleic acid either RNA or DNA; encodes viral
    proteins
    – Thus, either RNA or
    DNA viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two main types of viral life cycle:

A

NON-LYTIC (also known as LYSOGENIC)

LYTIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

NON-LYTIC (also known as LYSOGENIC)

A

– Viral nucleic acid is replicated in the host; viral proteins produced
– Virus reproduces without destroying the host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LYTIC

A

– Production of virus particles ruptures (and kills) host cell (e.g.,
bacteriophages; ebola virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do RNA Vaccines work?

A

tricking the body’s cells into producing a fragment of a virus, an antigen, from an RNA template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Main factor that determines what cell type a virus can infect

A

surface expression of a specific surface protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Functions of Biological Membranes (6)

A

1) Define cell boundary
2) Define enclose compartments
3) Control movement of material into and out
of cell / organelles
4) Allow response to stimuli
5) Enable interactions between cells
6) Provide scaffold for biochemical activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phospholipid Structure

A
  • Phospholipids consist of a glycerol backbone bound by:
    – Two non-polar fatty acyl
    molecules (“fatty acid chains”)
    – A polar head group linked by a phosphate residue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lipid molecules, like phospholipids, spontaneously aggregate to bury their _____ in the interior and expose their _____ to water

A

hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does phospholipids of membranes come from?

A
  • Synthesis occurs in a multistep process at the interface of the cytosol and outer endoplasmic reticulum membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Membrane Proteins (3)

A

INTEGRAL, PERIPHERAL, LIPID-ANCHORED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

INTEGRAL membrane proteins…

A

span the lipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PERIPHERAL membrane
proteins associate with…

A

the surfaces of the lipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

LIPID-ANCHORED proteins attach to…

A

a lipid in the bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Integral Protein Functions: (3)

A

1) Transport of nutrients and ions.
2) Cell-cell communication (gap junction)
3) Attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Biological Membranes are: (3)

A
  • Stable
  • Flexible
  • Capable of self assembly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Membranes also have unique features: (2)

A
  • Different membranes contain different types of lipids and proteins, giving them different functions.
  • Differences between cells as well as within organelles
    within a cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The inner membrane of mitochondria contains a ______ concentration of protein necessary for electron transport chain and ATP synthesis.

A

very high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Myelin sheath simply consists of layers of
_____ wrapped around the a neuron’s axon.

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Myelin sheaths have ____ of protein.

A

low amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Biological membranes are symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Two leaflets have distinct lipid composition in many plasma membranes, the
outer leaflet contains…

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Temperature is an important variable affecting the fluidity
of biological membranes:
* Warming _____ fluidity
* Cooling ___ fluidity

A

increases, decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Membrane fluidity is determined by the nature of ____ in membrane

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • Unsaturated lipids ___ fluidity
  • Saturated lipids ___ fluidity
A

increase, decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In response to changes in temperature, lipid composition of membranes can be changed by:

A

1) desaturation of lipids
2) exchange of lipid chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

BALANCE between ordered (rigid) structure and disordered structure
allows: (3)

A
  • Mechanical support and
    flexibility.
  • Membrane assembly and
    modification.
  • Dynamic interactions between
    membrane components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cholesterol acts as a _____ regulator of membrane fluidity

A

bidirectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • At high temperatures, cholesterol _____ the membrane and _____ its melting point
  • At low temperatures, it ____ and prevents them from ______
A

stabilizes, raises, intercalates between the phospholipids, clustering together and stiffening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

If cholesterol is added to a crystalline gel membrane, fluidity will…

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If cholesterol is added to a liquid crystal membrane, fluidity will…

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Membranes are composed of

A

LIPID BILAYERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Amphipathic

A

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

______ are main structural components of biological membranes

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cells with different functions have…

A

membranes with different protein compositions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The transmembrane domain (TMD): (3)

A
  • Is an α helical peptide sequence that is largely hydrophobic (uncharged) and spans the membrane; consists of amino acids with hydrophobic side chains
  • Is permanently attaches the protein to the PM.
  • Can facilitate protein-protein interactions
    α helices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

_____ molecules cross membranes relatively easily

A

Small, uncharged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Four basic mechanisms for moving molecules across membranes

A

1) Simple diffusion
2) Diffusion through a channel
3) Facilitated diffusion
4) Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Passive movement

A
  • Moves from a HIGH to a LOW concentration
  • DOES NOT require energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

____ are specific water channels

A

AQUAPORINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Channels are formed by
____ that line an aqueous
pore

A

integral membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Channels are particularly effective for…

A

small,
charged molecules (ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Ion channels are often…

A

gated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Two types of Gated Ion Channels

A

1) Voltage-gated channels
2) Ligand-gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Voltage-gated channels respond to…

A

changes in charge across membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Ligand-gated channels respond to…

A

binding of specific molecule on its surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Binding of a ligand produce ____ in the structure of the receptor/channel

A

conformational change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Compound binds specifically to integral
membrane protein called a…

A

facilitative transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Most animal cells import glucose from the
blood into cells via a…

A

facilitative transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

steps of glucose transporter (4)

A

1) Transporter ready to accept glucose molecule
2) Glucose is accepted by transporter
3) Intracellular side of transporter opens
4) Glucose is released and cycle repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The concentration gradient of one molecule is used to transfer a second molecule in opposite directions

A

Antiporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Active transport:

A
  • Compound binds specifically to integral
    membrane protein called an ACTIVE TRANSPORTER.
  • Change in the conformation of the
    transporter caused by the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule allows molecules to be released on other side of the membrane.
  • Using this mechanism, compounds can move
    against a concentration gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and curare are toxins that interfere with…

A

movement through ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Proteoglycans

A

proteins with chains of polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Functions of the ECM (4)
(CCCB)

A
  • Cell adherence
  • Communication between cells
  • Cell shape
  • Serves as barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Anchor membrane proteins (e.g., integrins) assists in: (2)

A
  • Tissue formation and coordinated cell function
  • Communication between cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Membrane proteins play a major role in signal
transduction by converting an ____ signal into ____ signal

A

extracellular, intracellular

67
Q

Signal transduction allows cells to rapidly
respond to events happening in their
environment: (5)

A
  • Grow
  • Divide
  • Survive (or not)
  • Move
  • Differentiate (i.e., time to change
68
Q

Three stages to signal transduction

A

1) Binding of ligand to receptor
2) Signal transduction via second messengers like cAMP, calcium, or G-protein
3) Cellular response: cellular growth, cell division, store glucose
molecules as glycogen

69
Q

____ is an enzyme that will release glucose units

A

Phosphorylase-P

70
Q

Aerobic respiration:

A

converts in presence of oxygen energy stored in food molecules (e.g., glucose) into chemical energy stored in ATP.

71
Q

Photosynthesis:

A

building carbohydrates using energy from sunlight
and CO2

72
Q

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (OMM) contains:
(2)

A
  • many enzymes with diverse metabolic functions
  • porins, which are large channels permeable (passive diffusion) to many molecules when opened (e.g. ATP, sucrose)
73
Q

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM):

A
  • High protein: lipid ratio (3:1)
  • Double-layered folds are called cristae
  • Rich in a phospholipid called cardiolipin
74
Q

The mitochondria also has two aqueous compartments:

A
  • Intermembrane space separates OMM and IMM
  • Matrix
75
Q

Matrix:

A

a high protein content, gel-like consistency space containing mitochondrial ribosomes and mitochondrial genome

76
Q

Cellular respiration involves a series of ____ reactions.

A

catabolic

77
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation:

A

Hydrolysis reaction releases enough energy to drive phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

78
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation:

A

Chemical energy of organic molecules is transferred to electron carriers that is used to create an electrochemical gradient that can power ATP synthesis

79
Q

which phosphorylation produces more ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation (88%)

80
Q

Coenzymes acting as electron carriers can exist
either as:

A

1) Oxidized—can accept electrons
2) Reduced—can donate electrons when
returning to their oxidized state

81
Q

Mitochondria Oxidative Phosphorylation steps (2)

A

1) Generate an electrochemical gradient
2) Proton movement down electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthesis

82
Q

Photosynthesis can be divided into…

A

light-dependent reactions and light- independent reaction

83
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions occur in

A

thylakoid membrane

84
Q

Light-Independent Reactions occur in

A

stroma of chloroplasts

85
Q

Apoptosis is Initiated by

A

intracellular stimuli like genetic damage, hypoxia, or virus infection

86
Q

“Killer” proteins like ____ causes change in mitochondria membrane
potential and to the leak of ____

A

Bax, Cytochrome c

87
Q

Key elements of vesicle trafficking to a compartment:(4)

A
  1. Movement of vesicle.
  2. Tethering vesicle to target compartment.
  3. Docking of vesicle to target compartment.
  4. Fusion of vesicle and target membrane
88
Q

Docking of vesicle to target compartment uses proteins called…

A

SNAREs.

89
Q

Photophosphorylation creates ____ necessary for
carbohydrate synthesis through ____

A

ATP and NADPH, Calvin cycle

90
Q

_____ are ENZYMES (proteases) that activate proteins that
are involved in dismantling the cell

A

CASPASES

91
Q

Functions of Smooth ER (SER) (4)

A
  1. Lipid synthesis
  2. Production of steroid and hormones
  3. Detoxification
  4. Sequestration (storage) of Ca2+
92
Q

Functions of Rough ER (RER) (4)

A
  1. Synthesis of membrane phospholipids.
  2. Glycosylation of proteins
  3. Protein folding — quality control
  4. Protein synthesis, modification, and transport
93
Q

where and how does Protein Synthesis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm, ribosomes synthesize polypeptides from mRNA

94
Q

Translation is completed in 1 of 2 ways:

A

FREE or ER BOUND ribosomes.

95
Q

Ribosomes are targeted to the ER membrane by a specific…

A

signal sequence

96
Q

The signal sequence is: (3)

A
  • Located in the amino-terminus (N-terminus)
  • Contains several consecutive hydrophobic amino acids
  • Directs synthesis to the ER compartmen
97
Q

Protein moves through channel into ER for…

A

cotranslational
import

98
Q

Cotranslational Protein Import steps (4)

A
  1. After translation of SIGNAL SEQUENCE, a Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) binds to signal sequence and STOPS the translation
  2. SRP binds SRP receptor to target the whole translation complex to ER
  3. SRP is released and ribosome binds to translocon. Once this is done, protein synthesis resumes
  4. Polypeptide enters the ER (through the translocon) as it is translated. In the end, the signal peptide is cleaved off and chaperone folds the protein
99
Q

To the plasma membrane via biosynthetic/secretory pathway =

A

exocytosis

100
Q

From the plasma membrane → organelle within cell via endocytic pathway =

A

endocytosis

101
Q

A protein targeted to the ER lumen, after it is fully synthesized and properly folded, has 1 of 2 options:

A

Option 1. It is retained in the ER lumen, if that is where it functions.

Option 2. It is transported from the ER to the Golgi complex for further modification and delivered to distal parts of the biosynthetic/secretory pathway

102
Q

Material moves from ER to Golgi and then to other compartments and the plasma membrane in a
_____ direction.

A

proximal to distal

103
Q

_____ acts as a sorting station (i.e., sorts whether proteins should continue on to the next Golgi station or be shipped back to the ER)

A

cis Golgi network

104
Q

_____ sorts protein into different types of vesicles—vesicles go to plasma membrane or other intracellular destinations (e.g. lysosomes)

A

trans Golgi network

105
Q

In addition to sorting, the Golgi is also involved in synthesis of _____ and specific modification of _____

A

polysaccharides, proteins and lipids

106
Q

The transfer of vesicles from ER to Golgi, and between the Golgi sub- compartments, is achieved by ____

A

coat
proteins

107
Q

Coat proteins have 2 functions:

A
  1. Helps form the vesicle.
  2. Helps select ‘cargo’
108
Q

COPI and COPII are _____ that assemble on the
______ of donor compartment membranes at sites where budding takes place

A

protein complexes, cytosolic surface

109
Q

COPI-coated vesicles move in____ direction

A

retrograde

110
Q

COPII-coated vesicles move in ____ direction.

A

anterograde

111
Q

Two-layered coat consists of:

A
  • Clathrin - coat protein
    (outer layer)
  • AP complex = Clathrin
    Adaptor Protein complex
    (inner layer)
112
Q

AP/Clathrin-coated vesicles move from ____ to other compartments

A

trans Golgi network

113
Q

Lysosomal membrane is
composed of ____ that act as a protective lining next to acidic lumen

A

glycosylated proteins

114
Q

Lysosomes Function (2)

A
  1. Autophagy
  2. Degradation of internalized materials
115
Q

Autophagy:

A

Normal disassembly of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components

116
Q

Tonoplast:

A

Vacuolar membrane that contains active transport systems that allows ion and molecule transport

117
Q

Function of Plant Vacuoles (3)

A
  1. Intracellular digestion
  2. Mechanical support
  3. storage
118
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Dynamic network of interconnected filaments and tubes that extends throughout the cytosol (and some organelles) of eukaryotes

119
Q

Functions of the cytoskeleton:

A

1) structural support
2) spatial organization within cell
3) intracellular transport
4) contractility and motility.

120
Q

Axonemal microtubules

A
  • Highly organized, stable
  • Part of structures involved in cell movement
121
Q

Cytoplasmic microtubules

A
  • Loosely organized, very dynamic
  • Located in cytosol
122
Q

Microtubules Structure

A

13 protofilaments form longitudinal array creating an hollow cylinder

123
Q

Heterodimers are aligned in the ___ direction creating ____

A

same, structural
polarity

124
Q

The Microtubule-Organizing Center is only found in…

A

eukaryotic cells.

125
Q

Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs)

A

Several different proteins that bind MT

126
Q

Microtubule-Associated Proteins function

A
  • Modulate assembly, function
  • Mediate interactions with other cellular structures
127
Q

Two major classes of
MAPs

A

Non-Motor and motor Proteins

128
Q

MT-Associated Non-Motor Protein function

A

Control MT organization in cytosol

129
Q

two types of MT-Associated Motor Proteins

A

kinesin and dynein

130
Q

MT-Associated Motor Proteins function (3)

A
  • Use ATP to generate force.
  • Can move material along MT track.
  • Can generate sliding force between MTs.
131
Q

Kinesin = ___ end-directed

A

plus

132
Q

Dynein= ___ end-directed

A

minus

133
Q

Microfiliments have several important functions: (5)

A
  • Maintenance of cell shape
  • Cell movement
  • Vesicle transport
  • Muscle contraction
  • Cytokinesis
134
Q

Actin is the…

A

central component of MFs

135
Q

Actin exists in cells either as a ____ or as a ____

A

monomer, polymer

136
Q

F-actin microfilaments can be arranged in a loose array network
(meshwork) or tight bundles/cables/fibers. The organization of these
structures is regulated by:

A

actin-binding proteins

137
Q

Myosins:

A

a superfamily of motor proteins associated with microfilaments.

138
Q

Most myosin molecules move toward the ___ end of microfilaments.

A

‘plus’

139
Q

myosin are Divided into 2 broad groups:

A

1) Conventional myosins

2) Unconventional myosins

140
Q

Conventional myosins

A
  • Type II
  • Primary motors for muscle contraction
141
Q

Unconventional myosins

A
  • Type I and types III-XVIII
  • Organelle / vesicle movement
142
Q

_____ generate force and contribute to motility in non- muscle cells

A

Unconventional myosins

143
Q

Microtubule-based and microfilament-based motors can cooperate in…

A

intracellular transport

144
Q

Intermediate Filaments (IF) function

A

Provide structural support and mechanical strength.

145
Q

Intermediate filaments
composed of ___ in the cytoplasm are stained red

A

keratins

146
Q

ntermediate filaments
composed of ___ in the nucleus are stained blue

A

lamins

147
Q

Intermediate filaments are especially abundant in the…

A

axons of neurons

148
Q

Nucleus Function (3)

A
  1. Storage, replication, and repair of genetic material.
  2. Expression of genetic material
  3. Ribosome biosynthesis
149
Q

Nucleus Structure

A

Nuclear envelope
* Nuclear membrane
* Nuclear pores
* Nuclear lamina
Nuclear content
* Chromatin
* Nucleoplasm
* Nucleolus

150
Q

The Nuclear Envelope Structure

A

2 parallel phospholipid bilayers separated by 10-50nm space

151
Q

Outer nuclear membrane (ONM)

A

binds ribosomes and is continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum

152
Q

Inner nuclear membrane (INM)

A

has integral proteins and connects to nuclear lamina

153
Q

Importance of the Nuclear Envelope (3)

A
  • Separates nuclear content from cytoplasm
  • Separates transcription and translation processes
  • Selective barrier that allows limited movement of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm
154
Q

The Nuclear Lamina

A

Provides structural support for nuclear envelop

155
Q

Lamins (intermediate filaments) are found in…

A

animal cells only

156
Q

Nuclear lamina is bound to ____ of the nuclear
envelop (NE) by _____

A

inner membrane, integral membrane proteins

157
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

Gateways between cytoplasm and nucleus

158
Q

The Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) is:

A

Composed of nucleoporins (NUPs)—a large family of different proteins

159
Q

Nuclear Import

A

Regulated movement of proteins into the nucleus

160
Q

Nuclear Import requires an:

A

intrinsic amino acid targeting sequence - Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS)

161
Q

NLS =

A

several positively charged amino acids within the protein sequence.

162
Q

Nuclear Import steps

A
  1. Protein with NLS (cargo) interacts with Importin protein in cytoplasm
  2. Cargo/Importin complex interacts with FG-NUPs at the NPC and enters the nucleoplasm
  3. Ran-GTP (G-protein) interacts with Importin; cargo dissociates and stays in nucleoplasm
  4. Ran-GTP/Importin complex exits nucleus through NPC
  5. GTP hydrolysed to GDP. Importin released in cytoplasm to find new cargo
163
Q

Nucleolus

A

Largest structure inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

164
Q

Primary function of the nucleolus is

A

biosynthesis of ribosomes.

biol1090 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions