Summer Work Flashcards
Individuals
The objects described by a set of data.
Variable
Any characteristic of an individual. It can take different values for different individuals.
Categorical Variable
Separates individuals into multiple groups or categories.
Quantitative Variable
Takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average.
Discrete Variables
Variables that can only take on a certain number of values between its minimum and maximum values.
Continuous Variables
Variables that can take on any number of values between its minimum and maximum values.
Univariate Data
A study that only looks at one variable.
Bivariate Data
A study that looks at the relationship between two variables.
Population
The entire group from which a statistical sample is drawn.
Sample
A set of observations drawn from a population.
Census
A study that obtains data from every member of a population.
Distribution
Shows what values a variable takes and how often it takes them.
Inference
A conclusion drawn that goes beyond the available data.
Frequency Table
A table that shows frequency counts for a variable.
Relative Frequency
The frequency count of a subgroup divided by the frequency count of the total population.
Table
A chart that displays data in rows or columns.
Roundoff Error
Occurs when the rounded percents don’t equal 100%.
Pie Chart
A circular chart that is divided into sections to show numerical proportions.
Bar Graph
A chart that represents the data from each category as a horizontal or vertical bar.
Two-Way Table
A chart that displays data for two categorical variables.
Marginal Distribution
The distribution of one of the variables in a two-way table among all individuals shown in the table.
Conditional Distribution
Describes the values of a variable among individuals who have a specific value of another variable.
Segmented Bar Graph
A bar graph where each bar is divided into segments to compare distributions of variables.
Side-By-Side Bar Graph
A bar graph where the bars are split into colored bar segments to show multiple values for one variable.
Association
Knowing that the value of one variable helps predict the value of the other.
Simpson’s Paradox
A phenomenon in which a trend appears in several different groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined.
Dotplot
A chart where each data value is shown as a dot above its location on a number line.
Shape
Describes how the data is distributed on the graph.
Mode
The most common value in a data set.
Center
The midpoint of all the values in a data set.
Spread
The range of the data.
Range
The difference between the smallest and largest values in a data set.
Outlier
A data value that is an abnormal distance away from the other values in a data set.
Symmetric
The right and left sides of a graph are roughly mirror images of each other.
Skewed Right
The right side of the graph is longer than the left side.
Skewed Left
The left side of the graph is longer than the right side.
Unimodal
A graph that has one peak.
Bimodal
A graph that has two peaks.
Multimodal
A graph that has three or more peaks.
Stemplot
A chart that shows how individual values are distributed within a set of data.
Splitting Stems
A stemplot that has more than one space on the stem for the same interval.
Back-To-Back Stem Plots
A stemplot that has one stem with leaves on both sides of the column.
Histogram
A chart similar to a bar graph that divides a range of data into columns along the x-axis.
Mean
The average value of a data set.
Median
The midpoint value of a data set.
Interquartile Range
The range of the middle 50% of the data.
Five Number Summary
Consists of the minimum, the first quartile, the median, the third quartile, and the maximum of a data set.
Boxplot
A graph where each of the numbers in a five number summary are plotted on a number line.
Standard Deviation
A measure of the amount of variation in a data set.
Variance
A numerical value used to show how widely individuals in a group vary.
