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AP Statistics > Summer Work > Flashcards

Summer Work Flashcards

1
Q

Individuals

A

the objects described by a set of data (people, animals, objects, etc.)

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2
Q

Variable

A

any characteristic of an individual. A variable can take a different value for different individuals.

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3
Q

Categorical Variables

A

places and individual into one of several groups or categories.

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4
Q

Quantitative Variables

A

takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average.

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5
Q

Discrete Variables

A

a variable that can not take on any value between its minimum and maximum.

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6
Q

Continuous

A

a variable that can take on any value between its minimum and maximum.

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7
Q

Univariate Data

A

data that only looks at one variable

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8
Q

Bivariate Data

A

data that looks at the relationship between two variables

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9
Q

Population

A

the total set of observations that can be made

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10
Q

Sample

A

a set of observations drawn from a population

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11
Q

Census

A

a study that obtains data from every member of a population. A census is not usually practical because of the cost and/or the time required.

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12
Q

Distribution

A

tells us what values the variable takes and how often it takes these values.

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13
Q

Inference

A

a conclusion that goes beyond the data at hand.

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14
Q

Frequency Table

A

displays the counts (frequencies) of variables for each individual.

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15
Q

Relative Frequency Table

A

shows the percents of variables for each individual.

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16
Q

Roundoff Error

A

The difference between the sum of the percents in a relative frequency table and 100%. Roundoff errors are caused by rounding off results.

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17
Q

Pie Chart

A

show the distribution of a categorical variable as a “pie” whose slices are sized by the counts or percents for the categories. It includes all the categories that make up the whole.

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18
Q

Bar Graph

A

represent each category as a bar. Bar heights show the category or percents.

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19
Q

Marginal Distribution

A

the distribution of values of one of the categorical variables in the two way table among all individuals described by that table

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20
Q

Conditional Distribution

A

describes the values of that variable among individuals who have a specific value of another variable. There are separate conditional distribution for each value of the other variable.

21
Q

Association

A

the value of one variable helps predict the value of the other.

22
Q

Simpson’s Paradox

A

a trend appears in several different groups but disappears or reverses when those groups are combined.

23
Q

Dotplot

A

one of the simplest graphs to construct and interpret where each data point is shown as a dot above its location on a number line.

24
Q

Shape

A

a way to describe the distribution of a set of data. Features of shape can include symmetry, skewed left or right, peaks, etc.

25
Q

Mode

A

the most frequently appearing value in a population or sample.

26
Q

Center

A

the middle of a distribution. There are different measures of center including median and mean.

27
Q

Spread

A

the dispersion, or extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed. Measures of spread include IQR and standard deviation.

28
Q

Range

A

a measure of variation in a set of random variables that is equal to the difference between the biggest and smallest random variable.

29
Q

Outlier

A

a data point that diverges greatly from the overall pattern of the data.

30
Q

Symmetric

A

the right and left sides of the graph are approximately mirror images of each other.

31
Q

Skewed Right

A

the right side of the graph is much longer than the left side

32
Q

Skewed Left

A

the left side of the graph is much longer than the right side

33
Q

Unimodal

A

the data has a single peak

34
Q

Bimodal

A

the data has two peaks

35
Q

Multimodal

A

the data has more than two peaks

36
Q

Stemplot

A

simple graphical display for smaller sets of data that give a quick “picture” of the distribution while using the actual numerical values.

37
Q

Splitting Stems Plot

A

a stem plot where each stem is spit into two and the leaves are split between the two stems with 0-4 and 5-9.

38
Q

Back-to-back Stems Plot

A

On each side of common stems, there are two variables and their leaves.

39
Q

Histogram

A

made up of columns plotted on a graph. These graphs are usually used to display quantitative data.

40
Q

Mean

A

the sum of a list of numbers, divided by the number if elements in the list.

41
Q

Median

A

the middle value in a list

42
Q

IQR

A

the difference between Q3 and Q1.

43
Q

Five Number Summary

A

includes the lowest value, Q1, the median, Q3, and the highest value. These 5 values can be used to make a box plot.

44
Q

Box plot

A

a method for depicting numerical data through its quartiles

45
Q

Standard Deviation

A

the numerical value used to indicate how widely individuals in a group vary. If individual observations vary greatly from the group mean, the standard deviation is big, and vice versa. The Standard Deviation is the square root of the variance.

46
Q

Variance

A

numerical value used to indicate how widely individuals in a group may vary. If individual observations vary greatly from the group mean, the variance is big, and vice versa. There is the variance of a sample and the variance of a population. The variance is the Standard Deviation squared.

47
Q

Two Way Table

A

a useful tool for examining relationships between categorical variables. Entries in the cells of two-way tables can be frequency counts or relative frequencies.

48
Q

Segmented Bar Graph

A

a kind of stacked bar chart where each bar shows 100% of the value but shows the distinctions in observations. These can be used as a way to depict two-way tables and are generally useful for comparing values among different variables and categories.

49
Q

Side-by-side bar graph

A

a chart where the bars are split into colored bar segment that are placed next to each other.

AP Statistics (1 decks)

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