Summer Vocabulary Flashcards
Variable
A given value, and or digit, in a set of data.
Categorical Variable
Value represented by groupings and items other than numbers.
Quantitative Variable
Value represented numerically.
Population
Entire grouping from which a sample can be drawn.
Sample
Randomly selected items used to test hypothesis’ about a given population.
Census
Gathering of information from a whole population.
Distribution
The spread of distance of a data set.
Inference
Drawing conclusions about a population based on data gathered from a sample.
Frequency Table
A graph used to show the frequency of how often given values occur in a data set.
Relative Frequency
The fraction of times a value occurs in a data set.
Table
Chart/Graph used to show data categorically as well as numerically.
Round-off Error
The difference between the exact answer and the arithmedtic average.
Pie Chart
Circular graph used to show data, usually represented in percentages.
Bar Graph
Graph used to show data in the form of vertical bars representing digits of ranges of digits given.
Two-Way Table
Graph used to display the frequency of two categorical variables.
Marginal Distribution
Describes only one of the random variables.
Dotplot
Graph where any given value is represented as a dot along an axis.
Mode
The data value which occurs most in any given data set.
Outlier
A value that is an extreme deviation from the mean of the data set.
Center
Describes the relation of the median to other aspects of the graph.
Spread
Term which describes the range of data graphically.
Range
The space between the lowest value and highest value of any given data set.
Symmetric
Describes a data set that is evenly distributed, where if cut down the middle both sides match one another.
Skewed Right
Data lies mainly on the right side of a data set.
Skewed Left
Data lies mainly on the left side of a data set.
Unimodal
A distribution with a single most common value.
Bimodal
A distribution with two most common values.
Multimodal
A distribution with multiple most common values.
Stemplot
A graph plot used to represent Quantitative data, with leading values shown as stems and second digits shown as leaves.
Histogram
A bar graph that displays the frequency of any given data within equal intervals.
Mean
The average value of a data set, found by adding together all values and dividing by the number of values in a set.
Median
The middle score in any given distribution.
Interquartile Range (IQR)
The range of the middle 50% of a data set, found by.. Q3-Q1= 75th percentile to the 25th percentile.
Five-Number Summary
Summary of a data set, (Min value, Q1, median, Q3, Max value)
Boxplot
Also known as a box and whisker plot, A Graph the represents the 5 value summary of a dataset, including the IQR, Mean, Median, Mode, and Range.
Standard Deviation
Measure of variability which declares all values average distance from the mean.
Variance
The average of the squared deviations from the mean of the set.
Individuals
The objects described by a set of data.
Discrete Variables
A variable whose value is found by counting numerically.
Continuous
A variable whose measure is obtained via measurement.
Univariate Data
A study with only one focus.
Bivariate Data
A study with two focuses.
Conditional
The probability of an occurrence given a prior occurrence.
Distribution
The observation of a set of values from some measure that is taken.
Segmented Bar Graph
A graph that shows frequency distribution for a categorical data set.
Side-by-side Bar Graph
Used to show multiple variable groups, with multiple bar segments per categorical finding.
Association
Shows a relationship between two quantitative variables, in the same experimental case.
Simpson’s Paradox
Also known as the “Yule-Simpson Effect”, Occurs when the marginal association between two categorical variables is qualitatively different from the partial association between the same two variables.
Shape
A visual description of the distribution/skew of a data set via a graphical depiction.
Splitting Stems
A stem plot where each category(stem) is split into two categories.
Back-to-Back Stem Plots
A method of comparing two data distributions by attaching two sets of leaves to the same “stem”.
