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AP Stats > Summer Vocab > Flashcards

Summer Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What is statistics?

A

The study of variability

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2
Q

What is variability?

A

Differences… how things differ. There is variability everywhere… we all look different, have different preferences… Statisticians look at these differences

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3
Q

What are 2 branches of AP STATS?

A

Inferential and Descriptive

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4
Q

What are DESCRIPTIVE STATS?

A

Tell me what you got! Describe to me the data that you collected, use pictures or summaries like mean, median, range, etc…

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5
Q

What are INFERENTIAL STATS?

A

Look at your data, and use that to say stuff about the BIG PICTURE… like tasting soup… a little sample can tell you a lot about the big pot of soup (population)

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6
Q

Compare Descriptive and Inferential STATS

A

Descriptive explains you about data that you have, inference uses that data you have to try to say something about an entire population…

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7
Q

What is data?

A

Any collected information. Generally each little measurement… Like, if it is a survey about liking porridge… the data might be “yes, yes, no, yes, yes” if it is the number of saltines someone can eat in 30 seconds, the data might be “3, 1, 2, 1, 4, 3, 3, 4”

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8
Q

What is a population?

A

The group you are interested in. Sometimes it’s big, like “all teenagers in the US” other times it is small, like “all AP Stats students in my school”

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9
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of a population, often taken to make inferences about the population. We calculate statistics from samples

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10
Q

Compare population to sample

A

Populations are generally large, and samples are small subsets of these population. We take samples to make inferences about populations. We use statistics to estimate parameters

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11
Q

Compare data to statistics

A

Data is each little bit of information collected from the subjects… They are the INDIVIDUAL little things we collect… we summarize them by, for example, finding the mean of a group of data. If it is a sample, then we call that mean a “statistic” if we have data from each member of the population, then that mean is called the “parameter”

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12
Q

Compare data to parameters

A

Data is each little bit of information collected from the subject… they are the INDIVIDUAL little things we collect… we summarize them by, for example, finding the mean of a group of data. If it is a samples, then we call that mean a “statistic” If we have data from each member of a population, then that mean is called a “parameter”

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13
Q

What is a parameter?

A

A numerical summary of a population. Like a mean, median, range… of a population

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14
Q

What is a statistic?

A

A numerical summary of a samples. Like a mean, median, range… of a sample

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15
Q

We are curious about the average wait time at a Dunkin Donuts drive through in your neighborhood. You randomly sample cars one afternoon and find the average wait time is 3.2 minutes. What is the population parameter? what is the statistic? What is the parameter of interest? What is the data?

A

The parameter is the true average wait time at the Dunkin Donuts. This is a number you don’t have and will never know. The statistic is “3.2 minutes.” It is the average of the data you collected. The parameter of interest is the same thing as the population parameter. In this case, it is the true average wait time of all the cars. The data is the wait time of each individual car, so that would be like “3.8 min, 2.2 min, .8 min, 3 min”. You take that data and find the average, the average is called a “statistic,” and you use that to make an inference about the true parameter

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16
Q

Compare DATA-STATISTIC-PARAMETER using categorical examples

A

Data are individual measures… like meal preference: “taco, taco, pasta, taco, burger, burger, taco”… Statistics and Parameters are summaries. A statistic would be “42% of sample preferred tacos” and a parameter would be “42% of the population preferred tacos.”

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17
Q

Compare DATA-STATISTIC-PARAMETER using quantitative

example

A

Data are individual measures, like how long a person can hold their breath: “45
sec, 64 sec, 32 sec, 68 sec.” That is the raw data. Statistics and parameters are
summaries like “the average breath holding time in the sample was 52.4 seconds”
and a parameter would be “the average breath holding time in the population was
52.4 seconds”

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18
Q

What is a census?

A

Like a sample of the entire population, you get information from every member of
the population

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19
Q

Does a census make sense?

A

A census is ok for small populations (like Mr. Nystrom’s students) but impossible if
you want to survey “all US teens”

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20
Q

What is the difference between and parameter and a statistic?

A

BOTH ARE A SINGLE NUMBER SUMMARIZING A LARGER GROUP OF NUMBERS….
But pppp parameters come from pppp populations… sss statistics come from ssss
statistics.

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21
Q 
If I take a random sample of 20
hamburgers from FIVE GUYS and
count the number of pickles on a
bunch of them… and one of them
had 9 pickles, then the number 9
from that burger would be called
\_\_\_\_?
A

A datum, or a data value

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22
Q 
If I take a random sample 20
hamburgers from FIVE GUYS and
count the number of pickles on a
bunch of them… and the average
number of pickles was 9.5, then 9.5
is considered a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
A

statistic. (It is a summary of a sample)

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23
Q 
If I take a random sample of 20
hamburgers from FIVE GUYS and
count the number of pickles on a
bunch of them… and I do this
because I want to know the true
average number of pickles on a
burger at FIVE GUYS, the true
average number of pickles is
considered a \_\_\_\_\_\_?
A

parameter, a one number summary of the population. The truth. AKA the parameter of interest

24
Q

What is the difference between a sample and a census?

A

With a sample, you get information from a small part of the population. In a
census, you get info from the entire population. You can get a parameter from a
census, but only a statistic from a sample.

25
Q

Use the following words in one sentence: population, parameter, census, sample, data, statistics, inference, population of interest

A

I was curious about a population parameter, but a census was too costly so I
decided to choose a sample, collect some data, calculate a statistic and use that
statistic to make an inference about the population parameter (aka the parameter
of interest).

26
Q 
If you are tasting soup.. Then the
flavor of each individual thing in the
spoon is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the entire
spoon is a \_\_\_\_\_\_.. The flavor of all
of that stuff together is like the
\_\_\_\_\_ and you use that to
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ about the flavor of the
entire pot of soup, which would be
the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

If you are tasting soup. Then the flavor of each individual thing in the spoon is
DATA, the entire spoon is a SAMPLE. The flavor of all of that stuff together is like
the STATISTIC, and you use that to MAKE AN INFERENCE about the flavor of the
entire pot of soup, which would be the PARAMETER. Notice you are interested in
the parameter to begin with… that is why you took a sample.

27
Q

What are random variables?

A

If you randomly choose people from a list, then their hair color, height, weight and
any other data collected from them can be considered random variables.

28
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and categorical variables?

A

Quantitative variables are numerical measures, like height and IQ. Categorical are
categories, like eye color and music preference

29
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and categorical data?

A

The data is the actual gathered measurements. So, if it is eye color, then the data
would look like this “blue, brown, brown, brown, blue, green, blue, brown… etc.”
The data from categorical variables are usually words, often it is simpy “YES, YES,
YES, NO, YES, NO” If it was weight, then the data would be quantitative like “125,
155, 223, 178, 222, etc..” The data from quantitative variables are numbers.

30
Q

What is the difference between discrete and continuous variables?

A

Discrete can be counted, like “number of cars sold” they are generally integers (you wouldn’t sell 9.3 cars), while continuous would be something like weight of a mouse… 4.344 oz

31
Q

What is a quantitative variable?

A

Quantitative variables are numeric like: height, age, number of cars sold, SAT score

32
Q

What is a categorical variable?

A

Qualitative variable are like categories: blonde, listens to hip hop, female, yes, no… etc.

33
Q

What do we sometimes call a categorical variable?

A

qualitative

34
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

The actual numbers gathered from each subject. 211 pounds. 67 beats per minute,

35
Q

What is categorical data?

A

The actual individual category from a subject, like “blue” or “female” or “sophomore”

36
Q

What is a random sample?

A

When you choose a sample by rolling dice, choosing names from a hat, or other
REAL RANDOMLY generated sample. Humans can’t really do this well without the
help of a calculator, cards, dice, or slips of paper.

37
Q

What is frequency?

A

How often something comes up

38
Q

data or datum?

A

datum is singular… like “hey dude, come see this datum I got from this rat!” data is the plural… “hey look at all that data Edgar got from those chipmunks over there!”

39
Q

What is a frequency distribution?

A

A table, or a chart, that shows how often certain values or categories occur in a data set

40
Q

What is meant by relative frequency?

A

The PERCENT of time something comes up (frequency/total)

41
Q

How do you find relative frequency?

A

just divide frequency by TOTAL…

42
Q

What is meant by cumulative frequency?

A

ADD up the frequencies as you go. Suppose you are selling 25 pieces of candy. You
sell 10 the first hour, 5 the second, 3 the third and 7 in the last hour, the
cumulative frequency would be 10, 15, 18, 25

43
Q

Make a guess as to what relative cumulative frequency is…

A

It is the ADDED up PERCENTAGES.. An example is selling candy, 25 pieces sold
overall…, with 10 the first hour, 5 the second, 3 the third, and 7 the fourth hour,
we’d take the cumulative frequencies, 10, 15, 18 and 25 and divide by the total
giving cumulative percentages… .40, .60, .64, and 1.00. Relative cumulative
frequencies always end at 100 percent.

44
Q

What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram?

A

bar charts are for categorical data (bars don’t touch) and histograms are for quantitative date (bars touch)

45
Q

What is the mean?

A

the old average we use to calculate. It is the balancing point of the histogram

46
Q

What is the difference between a population mean and a sample mean?

A

population mean is the mean of a population, it is a parameter, sample mean is a
mean of a sample, so it is a statistic. We use sample statistics to make inferences
about population parameters.

47
Q

what symbols do we use for population mean and sample mean?

A

Mu for population mean (parameter), x-bar ̅ for sample mean (statistic)

48
Q

How can you think about the mean
and median to remember the
difference when looking at a
histogram?

A

mean is a balancing point of a histogram, median splits the area of the histogram in half

49
Q

What is the median?

A

the middlest number, it splits area in half

50
Q

What is the mode?

A

the most common, or the peaks of a histogram. We often use mode with categorical data

51
Q

When do we often use mode?

A

With categorical variables. For instance, to describe the average teenagers
preference, we often speak of what “most” students chose, which is the mode. It
is also tells the number of bumps in a histogram for quantitative data (unimodal,
bimodal, etc…).

52
Q

Why don’t we always use the mean, we’ve been calculating it all of our life?

A

It is not RESILIENT, it is impacted by skewness and outliers

53
Q

When we say “the average teenager” are we talking about mean, median, or mode?

A

It depends, if we are talking height, it might be the mean, if we are talking about
parental income, we’d probably use the median, if we were talking about music
preference, we’d probably use the mode to talk about the average teenager.

54
Q

What is a clear example of where the mean would change, but the median wouldn’t? (this would show its resilience)

A

Imagine if we asked eight people how much money they had in their wallet. We
found they had {1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 8, 8, 9}. The mean of this set is 5, and the median is
also 5. You might say “the average person in this group had 5 bucks.” But imagine
if one of them just got back from the casino, and instead it was (1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 8, 8,
9000}, in this case, the median would still be 5, but the mean goes up to over
1000. Which number better describes the amount of money the average person in
the group carries, 5 bucks or 1000 bucks? I think 5 is a better description of the
average person in this group and the 9000 is simply an outlier.

55
Q

How are mean, median, and mode positioned in a skewed left histogram?

A

goes in that order from left to right. Mean-median-mode

56
Q

How are mean, median and mode positioned in a skewed right histogram?

A

goes in the opposite order… mode-median-mean

57
Q

Who chases the tail?

A

The mean chases the tail, the mean chases the tail, high-ho the derry-oh the mean chases the tail… nd outliers…

AP Stats (1 decks)

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