Summer Trials 2017

Question 1

Orbital Changes

Answer 1

Changes in the pathway of the earth around the sun

Question 2

Quaternary period

Answer 2

The period of geological time from about 2.6 million years ago to the present. It is characterised by the appearance and development of humans and includes the Pleistocene and the holocene Epochs

Question 3

Abrasion

Answer 3

Erosion caused by rocket and boulders in the base of the glacier acting like a giant file scratching and scraping the rocks below.

Question 4

Arête

Answer 4

A sharp knife- like ridge formed between two corries cutting back by processes of erosion and freeze thaw.

Question 5

Bulldozing

Answer 5

Ice pushes material of all shapes and sizes as it moves slowly forward.

Question 6

Corrie

Answer 6

Armchair-shaped hollow in the mountainside formed by glacial erosion, rotational slip and freeze-thaw weathering. This is where the valley glacier begins. When the ice melts, it can leave a small circular lake called a tarn.

Question 7

Drumlin

Answer 7

A hill made of glacial till deposited by a moving glacier, usually elongated or oval in shape, with the longer axis parallel to the former direction of ice.

Question 8

Erratics

Answer 8

Rocks which have been transported and deposited by a glacier some distance from their source region.

Question 9

Freeze-thaw Weathering

Answer 9

It occurs in cold climates when temperatures are often around freezing point and where exposed rocks contains many cracks. Water enters the crack during the warmer days and freezes during the colder night. As the water turns into ice it expands and exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, causing pieces to break off.

Question 10

Glacial Trough

Answer 10

A river valley widened and deepened by the erosive actions of a glacier; it becomes ‘U’ shaped instead of the normal ‘V’ shaped of a river valley.

Question 11

Hanging Valley

Answer 11

A tributary valley to the main glacier, too cold and high up for ice to be able to easily move. It therefore was not eroded as much as the lower main valley, and today is often the site for a waterfall crashing several hundred metres to the main valley floor.

Question 12

Land Use Conflicts

Answer 12

Disagreements which arise when different users of the land do not agree on how it should be used.

Question 13

Moraine

Answer 13

Frost-shattered rock debris and material eroded from the valley floor and sides, transported and deposited by glaciers.

Question 14

Outwash

Answer 14

Material, chiefly sand or gravel, deposited by meltwater streams in front of, and underneath, a glacier. The material is sorted and rounded by water action.

Question 15

Plucking

Answer 15

A type of erosion where melt water in the glacier freezes onto rocks, and as the ice moves forward it plucks or pulls out large pieces along the rock joints.

Question 16

Pyramidal Peak

Answer 16

Where several carries cut back to meet at a central point, the mountain takes the form of a steep pyramid.

Question 17

Ribbon Lake

Answer 17

A long, narrow lake found in glaciated valleys formed in locations where the glacier had more erosive power, eg in areas of softer rock, where the valley gradient temporarily steepened or a tributary glacier joined the main valley.

Question 18

Rotational Slip

Answer 18

This occurs when the ice moves in a circular motion. This process can hero to erode hollows in the landscape, and deepen hollow into bowl shapes.

Question 19

Till

Answer 19

An unsorted mixture of sand, clay and boulders carried by a glacier and deposited as ground moraine over a large area.

Question 20

Truncated Spur

Answer 20

A former river valley spur which has been sliced off by a valley glacier, forming cliff-like edges.

Question 21

Abiotic

Answer 21

Relating to non-living things

Question 22

Biotic

Answer 22

Relating to living things

Question 23

Consumer

Answer 23

Creature that eats animals and/or plant matter

Question 24

Decomposer

Answer 24

An organism such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead tissue, which is then recycled to the environment.

Question 25

Ecosystem

Answer 25

A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment

Question 26

Food Chain

Answer 26

The connections between different organisms (plants and animals) that rely on one another as their source of food

Question 27

Food Web

Answer 27

A complex hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food

Question 28

Nutrient Cycling

Answer 28

A set of processes whereby organisms extract minerals necessary for growth from soil or water, before passing them on through the food chain- and ultimately back to the soil and water.

Question 29

Global Ecosystems

Answer 29

Very large ecological areas on the earth’s surface (or biomes), with fauna and flora (animals and plants) adapting to their environment. Examples include tropical rainforest and hot desert.

Question 30

Producer

Answer 30

an organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis.

Question 31

Biodiversity

Answer 31

The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat

Question 32

Commercial Farming

Answer 32

Farming to sel produce for a produce to retailers or food precessing companies.

Question 33

Debt reduction

Answer 33

Countries are relived of some of their debt in return for protecting their environments.

Question 34

Deforestation

Answer 34

The chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forest.

Question 35

Ecotourism

Answer 35

Responsible travel to natural areas that conserve the environment, sustains the wellbeing of the local people, and may involve education. it is usually carried out in small groups and has minimal impact on the local ecosystem.

Question 36

Logging

Answer 36

The business of cutting down trees and transporting the logs to sawmills

Question 37

Mineral Extraction

Answer 37

The removal of solid mineral resources from the earth. These resources include ores, which contain commercially valuable amounts of metals, such as iron and aluminium; precious stones, such as diamonds; building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale

Question 38

Selective Logging

Answer 38

The cutting out of trees which are mature or inferior, to encourage new growth of the remaining trees in a forest or a wood

Question 39

Soil erosion

Answer 39

Removal of topsoil faster that it can be replaced, due to natural (water and win action), animal, and human activity. Topsoil is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it contains the most organic, nutrient- rich materials

Question 40

Subsistence Farming

Answer 40

A type of agriculture producing food and material for the benefit only of the farmer and his family

Question 41

Sustainability

Answer 41

Actions and forms of progress that meets the needs of the present without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Question 42

What does glacial abrasion leave behind?

Answer 42

Scratches on the hard bedrock called ‘striations’

Question 43

What does glacial plucking leave behind?

Answer 43

It leaves gouges on the hard bedrock called ‘chatter marks’ or ‘crescentic gouges’

Question 44

What is the glacial trough that meets the coastline and can be flooded by post-glacial sea levels to form a steep inlet known as?

Answer 44

Fjord

Question 45

Waterfalls are often formed where the hanging valley meets what?

Answer 45

The main valley

Question 46

A stream that is flowing through a glacial trough that is too small for a main valley is called what?

Answer 46

A misfit stream

Question 47

A roche moutonée is a hard bedrock outcrop found in a valley that has been formed by what?

Answer 47

Glacial erosion

Question 48

Biomes are large scaled what?

Answer 48

Ecosystems

Question 49

What is the example of biomes that vary in relation to each other in many ways? (there isn’t just one)

Answer 49

Tropical rainforests in that most of the nutrients within the ecosystems are storied in the biomass as opposed to in the litter or the soil.

Question 50

How many countries have rainforests in their boundaries§

Answer 50

62