Summer Reading Flashcards
9.10
1
Q
17) What was the relationship between the native populations and the bay colony?
A
- Indian populations had been decimated before pilgrims arrived
- Pequot Wars –> 4 decades of uneasy peace
- Metacom’s war (Metacom fights against English, slowing them but not stopping them)
2
Q
14) Who were the Puritans and separists/pilgrims?
A
- Protestants went against Catholic church and customs
- Puritans were more intense protestants wanted decatholocization
- separatists broke away from C of E
3
Q
25) List and explain the similarities + differences between the South and the North
A
- less diseases in North, water was cleaner and air was colder
- NE families very large for religious reasons
- women had more land and rights in the south bc families were fragile
- small towns (N) vs plantations (S)
4
Q
12) What was an indentured servant?
A
People who “rented” themselves out as workers for 4-7 years and were promised land at the end of their labor.
5
Q
34) Describe the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party
A
- Bostonians protest townshend acts, get into fight and get shot
- used as propaganda
- bostonians protest BEIC coming into port by dumping tea into harbor
6
Q
35) Who were the patriots and who were the loyalists?
A
Patriots: revolutionaries, younger
Loyalists: support crown, older
7
Q
31) What were the causes and effects of the seven years war?
A
- fight over Ohio River Valley between British and French (French and Indian War)
- led to the 7 years war which was fought all over the world, France wasted troops in Germany so it was easy to defeat in America
- inspired Americans to believe in prowess, shattered image of British invincibility
- colonists wanted rights without responsibilities of Englishmen
- relationship with NA suffers
- British forbid American exports
8
Q
3) What were the European reasons for exploration of the New World?
A
- more people to trade with (Crusades had failed and they saw Asian commodities, wanted them)
- didn’t want to sail south of West Africa bc wind (Portuguese figure out how to avoid this)
- Spain unifies and wants to beat Portugal but they have the southern route to Asia –> look West and sail West
- want more products
9
Q
9) Why and how did the European colonies differ in North America?
A
- France: late colonization due to domestic issues, alright relationship with Natives; main export was beaver pelts, so they were pretty nomadic
- Spanish: first there, very wealthy, strongest hold, cruel to Natives
- England: late to colonization (Sp allies, didn’t need colonies), went in with wariness towards others bc of Irish issues, thirst for adventure)
10
Q
41) Describe the peace treaty that gave the American colonies independence
A
Treaty of Paris, Britain formally recognizes USA as a country
11
Q
10) Describe the early settlement at Jamestown.
A
- 1606, Virginia company sails West to find gold
- hard start bc of disease, native hostility, and malnutrition as most of them were gentlemen and did not want to hunt
- John Smith got them together and made them work (Pocahontas)
- Indian-English wars wipe Powhaton out of VA
12
Q
13) Describe plantation life for both the rich owners and the enslaved people.
A
- tobacco = poor mans crop; sugar = rich mans crop
- only rich whites owned land
- plantations are far and few between
- religious toleration for whites
- Africans treated horribly
13
Q
2) what was NA life like before contact?
A
- diverse, people lived based on their natural resources around them, so each tribe lived differently
- cities (South America), towns, villages (north america)
- 3 sister farming in central and south America (corn, beans, squash)
- altered natural world (burned fields, made terraces), also revered it
14
Q
40) what battle ended the war?
A
Battle of Yorktown
15
Q
38) Who wrote and what did the Declaration of Independence state?
A
- Thomas Jefferson wrote DoI to explain why they wanted independence
16
Q
33) List and explain the many taxes that the British government put on the colonies
A
- Navigation laws
- sugar act
- quartering act
- stamp act
- declatory act (B has control)
- townshend acts (tax on paper, paint, tea
- intolerable acts (remove MA rights)
17
Q
22) Explain the causes of the expansion of African slavery in America.
A
- Euros are greedy
- wages rose, mortality dropped, large planters afraid of white men’s rebellions
18
Q
18) Describe Dutch Colonies
A
- Dutch West India Company to bring money
- Found New Netherland (now NYC), becomes faintly aristocratic
19
Q
37) What was Common Sense, who wrote it, and why was it important?
A
- Thomas Paine published Common Sense, a pamphlet urging Americans to support rebels
- important bc easy to read, and convinced many Americans to fight
20
Q
26) List the reasons for and the effects of the Salem Witch Trials
A
- distrust of commercialism and religion losing strength
- girls claim older women are bewitched and should be hung (accused were markets, accusers were farmers)
- explains why Americans easily find scapegoats
21
Q
27) What was the economic life in the colonies 1700-1775?
A
- pop has grown, and American culture exists
- for white men, social ladder is open, but there is elitism bc of war
- more and more poverty in NE, gap widens between plantation owners and poor whites in South
- triangle trade between NE, Carrib, Eu, Af
- agriculture = dominant industry
- religion losing steam throughout
22
Q
- how did North America become peopled?
A
land bridge between siberia and Alaska, nomadic hunters chasing prey. land bridge melted, people moved down to chile
23
Q
7) What was the encomienda system?
A
Spain lent out land with Natives on it, and those given the land controlled it and the people on it (slavery)
24
Q
15) Describe the development of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
A
- fur trading, fishing, ship building = main profits
- religious leaders held most power, but all land owning males could vote.
25
39) Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the war?
- British wanted to seize Hudson River Valley
- two diff British generals, not working together, causes Americans to force one to surrender
- rises colonial morale
- france more willing to support (no freedom without france)
26
30) What was the Albany Congress?
- British need Iroquois to be allies with them instead of France
- make congress to bribe leaders
- Franklin suggests leading closer to home
27
16) Who were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson and what did they believe?
- Anne Hutchinson- MBC, claimed holy life wasn't enough for salvation, banished to Rhode Island
- Roger Williams - seperatist, kicked out of MBC to RI and created safe haven there for Jews, Catholics and Quakers
28
19) Who were the Quakers + what was life like in PA?
- Quakers were intense dissenters, lived simple lives, and despised violence
- William Penn got charter 1681 to establish a safe haven for Quakers
- Quakers and Indians got along well
- no military, slavery practiced but frowned upon, immigrants welcomed
- shockingly tolerant
29
11) Define "cash crop" and state the crop that saved Jamestown
Tobacco saved Jamestown once gold was not found
- cash crop = crop that can not be eaten and is thus useless to those who harvest it; very lucrative when sold
30
32) List the causes of the American Revolution
1. New World naturally nurtured new ideas about society: republicanism and the Radical Whigs push this
2. America was far away from england and wasn't controlled, so America was surprised when Britain used power
3. Policy regarding exports was ridiculous and Americans hated mercantilism
4. Britain imposed many taxes to cover costs of 7 years war
5. Americans refused to use British goods which led to more unity
6. BEIC sold tea cheap, but Americans didn't care: the tax was annoying --> Boston Tea Party
essentially, principle>practice for the Rev War
31
28) Explain the Great Awakening and state it's importance
- religion less important by 1700s, new ideas
- George Whitefield revolutionized religion, making sermons deeply emotional
- first spontaneous mass movement of Americans
32
23) What was the Middle Passage?
journey from Africa to America on horribly crowded ships, many people died
33
4) Define Columbian Exchange
- exchange of flora, fauna, disease
- tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, potatoes from Am to Eu
- cattle, horses, pig, wheat from Eu to Am
- disease kills off NA
34
29) Define salutory neglect
Britain leaves America alone and does not enforce laws
35
5) What were the effects of European contact on native populations and Africa?
- natives and Africans lose lives, land, and liberty
- disease spreads, killing natives, leading to conquest leading to death, leading to importation of Africans for free labor
- exchange of culture and goods (see columbian exchange)
36
6) Who were the Spanish conquistadors?
- spaniards who arrived in the new world to convert natives to Christianity
- wanted riches above conversion
- capitalized on pre-established rivalries to destroy natives
37
24) What were the lifestyles of the enslaved people in the south?
incredibly dangerous, especially the further south you go
38
20) Name the 4 middle colonies and state what similarities defined this region.
- New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania
- good soil, grain, rivers, more diverse and tolerant
- not northern, not southern
39
36) What were the continental congresses and the Olive Branch Petition?
- first two did not call for independence
- select GW to lead army; wanted to patch up problems w GB
- Olive Branch Petition = loyal to GB and asks to stop taxes; king says fighting is treason, hires Germans to crush rebellion
40
8) What European Nations colonized North America and what land did they claim?
- Spain: land south of Mississippi
- England: north east
- France: eastern seaboard (St Augustine built by Spanish to defend against French)
41
21) Explain the causes + effects of Bacon's Rebellion.
- indentured servants freed but poor
- Bacon led rev bc gov was pushing them into backcountry
- Governor did nothing about Indian attacks, Bacon attacks him
- made VA turn to slave labor bc they didn't want more rev
