summer exams

Question 1

What causes waves?

Answer 1

The wind blowing over the surface of the sea, and the friction between the two causes a disturbance which makes the wave crest.

Question 2

What causes a wave to break?

Answer 2

Waves start at sea and have a circular orbit, as they approach the shore, friction (sea bed is rough) slows the base of the wave, which causes the orbit to become elliptical, until the top of the wave breaks over. Water swashes up the beach and water from a previous wave returns to the sea as backwash.

Question 3

Why are some waves bigger than others?

Answer 3

Fetch (the distance a wave travels - the greater the fetch, the larger the wave), wind strength and wind duration.

Question 4

What is the difference between a constructive wave and a destructive wave?

Answer 4

Destructive - high wave height, short wave length, high frequency, weak swash, strong backwash which erodes sand causing a steeper beach.
Constructive - low wave height (under a metre), long wave length, low frequency, strong swash (waves spreads a long way up gently sloping beach), weak backwash.

Question 5

What is a discordant coastline?

Answer 5

Where bands of different rock lie at right angles to the coast. Headlands and bays are formed on discordant coastlines, where the sea erodes a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock.

Question 6

What is a concordant coastline?

Answer 6

Where a band of one rock type runs parallel to the coast. Coves are formed on concordant coastlines.

Question 7

How are caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed?

Answer 7

They are formed at headlands where rocks are hard or resistant. Destructive waves break against the headland and lines of weakness such as joints or faults are attacked. The waves erode the rock through hydraulic action and abrasion, which will eventually form a cave. Waves continue to erode the cave, which traps air, increasing the pressure within. This may result in the back of the cave being pushed through to the other side which makes an arch. Continued erosion causes the arch to widen and eventually collapse, leaving a stack. Further erosion and weathering overtime may cause the stack to collapse leaving a small, flat stump - often unseen as it is covered by the sea at high tide.

Question 8

What are the two main types of trees?

Answer 8

Deciduous and coniferous.

Question 9

What is the difference between the two types of trees?

Answer 9

Deciduous trees lose leaves and coniferous (means cone bearing) trees keep their leaves.

Question 10

What are the characteristics of coniferous trees?

Answer 10

The most common coniferous trees are spruce, fir and pine. They are conical to allow snow to fall off and not break branches.They have needle shaped leaves to reduce moisture loss. Leaves stay all year so the tree doesn’t have to spend energy growing new ones, so they are very tall. Seeds are protected by woody cones. They grow close together to protect from the wind and cold.

Question 11

Where are coniferous forests found?

Answer 11

In a band stretching across northern part of North America, Scandinavia and Russia. Between 50 and 70’ N. Alaska, Canada, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Russia.

Question 12

What are the characteristics of deciduous trees?

Answer 12

Willow, Oak, Sycamore, Horse Chestnut, Beech, Ash. They have thick bark to protect against cold winters, lose leave sin winter to conserve energy, have a broad canopy to catch as much sunlight as possible, regrows leaves each year as the longer growing season allow this,

Question 13

Where are deciduous forests found?

Answer 13

They are found in a discontinuous band between 20 and 50’ N. Found in western Europe, eastern USA and Canada, China and Japan.

Question 14

What type of jobs are found in the primary sector?

Answer 14

Extracting raw materials from the land and sea - fishing and farming

Question 15

What type of jobs are found in the secondary sector?

Answer 15

Manufacturing - cars, textiles, technology

Question 16

What type of jobs are found in the tertiary sector?

Answer 16

Services - retail, restaurants, teachers, hospital staff (doctors and nurses)

Question 17

What type of jobs are found in the quarternary sector?

Answer 17

Giving advice or knowledge - consultants, research scientists

Question 18

Describe how the Primary Sector has changed in the UK from 1800s to now.

Answer 18

In the 1800s the primary sector was in high demand as they needed lots of people to work the land and fish to provide food for the country. There were no food imports from other countries, so the UK had to grow/gather the food itself. During the Industrial Revolution, machines were made that could do the jobs in farming much faster and therefore fewer people were needed. Also, the raw materials are running out, such as coal, so there is not the need for coal miners. This has continued.

Question 19

Describe how the Secondary Sector has changed in the UK from 1800s to now.

Answer 19

The Secondary Sector became more popular during the Industrial Revolution as there was a high demand to make the new machines/textiles and ships to import and export goods. This sector went into decline because the manufacturing was cheaper to do in Low Income Countries.

Question 20

Describe how the Tertiary Sector has changed in the UK from 1800s to now.

Answer 20

The Tertiary sector has increased since the 1800s by people having more money and therefore it has become less of a luxury to eat out and go shopping. This means that more staff are needed for these areas. Also there are more people in the UK and they are having more children, so there is a higher need for schools and hospitals.

Question 21

Describe how the Quartenary Sector came into existence.

Answer 21

The Quartenary Sector is fairly new, and is involved with sharing knowledge and advice. As time moves on, more people have knowledge to share so this sector is on the rise.

Question 22

Describe the birth rate on the demographic transition model.

Answer 22

This model shows that the birth rate has declined over time because less people want children/can afford to have children. People also have the option to use contraception now, whereas many years ago, there was no choice.

Question 23

Describe the death rate on the demographic transition model.

Answer 23

The death rate used to be very high because there were very few effective medicines and so people died younger. The death rate declined rapidly as understanding of hygiene and effective medicines were invented. Also people have learnt the best way to look after themselves - sun protection, eating healthily, exercising and taking daily vitamins has all meant that people are living longer and reducing the death rate.

Question 24

Describe the population growth rate on the demographic transition model.

Answer 24

The population growth rate has increased hugely and rapidly over time. This is because people are living to an older age and people are still having children (although this has reduced). The combination of this has meant that the population continues to grow.