Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DBCS Summer Exam II > Summer Exam II > Flashcards

Summer Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Testicular Inflammatory Lesions

A
  1. Testicular inflammatory lesions:
    STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
  2. Nonspecific epididymitis: Usually caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI).
  3. Orchitis: A rare complication of mumps infection.
    -Mumps infection can lead to testicular swelling and potential infertility in adults.
    -Tuberculosis (TB) can also cause inflammation with granulomas in the testicles.
    -Mumps orchitis shows a specific type of inflammation with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and can lead to tissue death and infertility.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Testicular Cancer

A
  1. The most common cancer in young men
  2. Firm, painless enlargement of the testis
  3. Seminomas and non-seminomas

(Seminoma is a malignant germ cell tumor that involves most commonly the testicle or less frequently the mediastinum, the retroperitoneum, or other extra-gonadal sites.)

  1. Curable if detected early
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical Features of Testicular Cancer

A
  1. Common in men between 15-35
  2. Firm, painless enlargement of the testis
  3. History of cryptorchidism in 10% cases
  4. Some present with metastases
  5. Treatable-curable! If detected early
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Testicular Cancer Classification

A
  1. Seminoma
  2. Non-seminoma
    -Embryonal carcinoma
    -yolk sac tumor
    -Choriocarcinoma
    -Teratoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Seminoma

A
  1. Half of all testicular cancers
  2. Arise from germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules
  3. “Spermatocytic” variant occurs in older patients; better prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nonseminomas

A
  1. Embryonal carcinomas (undifferentiated stem cells)- Lance Armstrong
  2. Yolk sac tumor (yolk sac cells)- malignant
  3. Choriocarcinoma (immature placental cells)
  4. Teratoma (somatic tissue cells)
    - prepubertal males, teratomas are typically benign
    -teratomas in postpubertal males are malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tumor markers

A
  1. Important for staging and follow-up
  2. Human chorionic gonadotropin
    -normally made by placental cells
    -Always elevated in choriocarcinoma, sometimes elevated in seminoma
  3. alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
    -normally made by fetal yolk sac and other cells
    -Elevated in yolk sac tumors and embryonal carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment of Testicular Cancer

A
  1. Overall, prognosis is good
    -If detected early, 90% cure rate
    -8000 new cases a year, only 400 deaths.
  2. Seminomas
    - Often remain localized until large
    -Metastasize locally first, then later, distantly
    -VERY sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy
  3. Nonseminomas
    -Metastasize earlier, farther
    -Worse prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

Prostate
-Benign prostatic hyperplasia
-Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A

VERY COMMON
-symptoms of urinary obstruction
-Benign proliferation of glands and stroma
-Caused by excessive androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nodular Hyperplasia

A

VERY COMMON 90% of men have it by their 70s
-Big prostate
-usually affects central zone of the prostate
-Symptoms (in 10% of patients): hesitancy, urgency, nocturia, poor urinary stream, polyuria
-Cause: excessive androgen stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify the condition in the photo

A

NODULAR HYPERPLASIA; nodule at right of field, portion of urethra to the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Clinical features of Prostate Cancer

A
  1. Most common, 2nd deadliest cancer in men
  2. Peak incidence: 65-75
  3. Cause: androgens+genetics+ the environment
  4. Symptoms: asymptomatic, then palpable nodule, then local pain/obstruction
  5. Can metastasize to mandible, predilection for spine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Morphology of Prostate Cancer

A
  1. Most develop in peripheral zones of prostate
  2. Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas
  3. Better differentiated = better prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)

A
  1. Enzyme made by prostatic epithelial cells
  2. PSA <4 is normal; PSA > 10 suggests cancer
  3. But pSa can go up in benign disorders too
    4, Questionable usefulness as screening test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prognosis of Prostate Cancer

A
  1. Prognosis depends on stage (and grade)
  2. Treatment; surgery, radiation, hormronal therapy
  3. Limited disease: 90% survive 10+ years
  4. Metastatic disease: 10-40% survive 10+ years
  5. Long term survival stage dependent
17
Q

Herpes Simplex Type 2

A
  1. Primary herpes
    -initial infection
    -Painful vesicles (blister-like) on genital mucosa, skin
  2. Dysuria, urethral discharge
  3. Lymphadenopathy
  4. Fever, malaise, muscle aches,
  5. Recurrent
    -Virus hides in ganglion
    -can periodically emerge
    -Recurrent vesicles
    -Usually same location (each time)
18
Q

HSV 2 Histopathology

Histopathology: epithelial cells have what characteristic

A

Epithelial cell shave characteristic viral inclusions (cowdry type A inclusion)

19
Q

Human Papillomavirus - HPV

A
  1. 70 types
  2. Squamous proliferations (condyloma acuminate which are gential warts)
    -HPV 6 and 11
    -some strains linked to cancer (16 and 18)
  3. Most strains cause benign growths or are undetectable
20
Q

HPV infected cells are called

A

infected cells are called koilocytes
(perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization)

21
Q

Stages of Syphilis

A
  1. Primary stage
    -chancre
    -Inguinal lymphadenopathy
  2. Secondary stage
    -systemic spread of spirochete (T. pallidum)
    -Generalized lymphadenopathy
    -Mucocutaneous lesions
  3. Tertiary stage
    -CNS and cardiovascular lesions
    -Gummas

TREATMENT: Penicillin

22
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A
  1. Facial malformations
  2. Hutchinson’s triad
    -deaf
    -blind
    -Malformed teeth (hutchinson’s incisors and mulberry molars)
23
Q

Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL)

A

-used to be called “cervical intraepithelial neoplasia” (CIN)
-current term is SIL
-Low-grade SIL (LSIL): mild dysplasia
-High-grade SIL (HSIL): mod-severe dysplasia
-LSIL usually reverts to normal, but HSIL usually progresses to carcinoma

24
Q

Cervical Carcinoma and HPV

A

HPV is detectable in almost all SIL and cancer .

  1. “High-risk” types:
    -16, 18, 45, 31
    -Found in carcinomas
    -Integrate into genome, inactivate p53, RB
  2. “Low-risk” types
    -6,11
    -Found in condylomas (benign lesions)
    -Do not integrate into genome
25
Q

Cervical carcinoma arises in the __________ zone

A

cervical carcinoma is in the tranformation zone

26
Q

Identify the condition in the image

A

cervical carcinoma

27
Q

Invasive cervical carcinoma

A
  1. Peak age: 45 (10-15 years after SIL develops)
  2. Spreads slowly
  3. Staging is very important
    (localized disease: 90% 5 year survival)
    (Distant mets: 15% 5 year survival)
28
Q

Everything you need to know about testicular inflammatory lesions

A

DBCS Summer Exam II (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions