Summer Assignment (1.1-1.3)

Question 1

origin of humans

Answer 1

east africa

Question 2

innovations of humans

Answer 2

fire, tools, language

Question 3

neolithic revolution

Answer 3

the changeover from food gathering and hunting to farming/agriculture

Question 4

animism

Answer 4

belief that objects have spirits

Question 5

kinship groups

Answer 5

small groups of people related by blood or marraige

Question 6

diffusion of agriculture

Answer 6

it was discovered independently at several locations in the world, and diffused through cultural diffusion (as nearby people learned about it).

Question 7

domesticated animals in southwest asia

Answer 7

sheep and goats

Question 8

domesticated animals in eurasia

Answer 8

horses, pigs, cows

Question 9

domesticated animals in northern africa

Answer 9

cows

Question 10

domesticated animals in china

Answer 10

water buffalo

Question 11

domesticated animals in arabia and central asia

Answer 11

camels

Question 12

pastoralism

Answer 12

dependance on herd of animals which groups keep and follow. migration based on these herds, which are based on climate/seasons.

Question 13

diffusion of technology (pastoral nomads)

Answer 13

relocation diffusion as they interacted with technology.

Question 14

patriarchy

Answer 14

men more powerful than women

Question 15

Egalitarian society

Answer 15

equality in the society

Question 16

advancements in farming

Answer 16

irrigation, tools/metallurgy

Question 17

barter

Answer 17

trade of items without money

Question 18

specialized workers

Answer 18

-Improved technology and methods increased the productivity of farms and farmers. This meant that not everyone had to farm. This allowed for specialization; where the types of jobs that people carried out increased in variety. Metallurgy developed, people started tailoring clothes and much more. Governing the civilization soon became an important task, and roles were created for this as well. Ultimately this lead to civilizations expanding, growing, and developing.

Question 19

artisans

Answer 19

created hand made products and traded them. they weren’t high on the social ladder.

Question 20

characterisitcs of civilization

Answer 20

specialization, stratification, religions, governments/some sort of leader

Question 21

location of the earliest civilizations

Answer 21

most grew along fertile river valleys where enough food could be produced to sustain growing populations.

Question 22

how did governments sustain where their power came from (ancient era)

Answer 22

claims of divine power

Question 23

theocracy

Answer 23

same person is political and religious leader

Question 24

characteristics of complex civilizations

Answer 24

developed records of trade and taxes, increased organization, conflicts over land and resources, religions (polytheistic instead of spirits and animism (mostly))

Question 25

Mesopotamia location

Answer 25

within the fertile cresent, between the tigris and euphrates, between mediterranean sea and persian gulf

Question 26

Mesopotamia writing

Answer 26

cuneiform was the sumerian system. formed around 3500 BCE and consisted of symbols that represented complex ideas. written on clay tables and scribes were trained to use the system.

Question 27

hammurabi's code

Answer 27

1st law code carved into stone stele. consists rules regarding daily life. has an "eye-for-eye" relationship between crime and punishment. identified 3 classes; free land owning, dependent farmers and craftsmen, and slaves.

Question 28

what did legal codes in Mesopotamia reinforce

Answer 28

the social/political and gender hierarchy.

Question 29

Hittites

Answer 29

civilizations near Anatolia

Question 30

Egypt location

Answer 30

nile river valley. nile had yearly flooding and civilization was naturally protected by deserts.

Question 31

Egypt writing system

Answer 31

hieroglyphs (picture symbols) for writing.

Question 32

Egypt government

Answer 32

theocracy. king controled trade, taxes, army, building of canals and dams and grain storehouses and pyramids and temples. used a bureacraucracy

Question 33

Mohenjo-daro and Harappa location

Answer 33

indus river valley

Question 34

Mohenjo-daro and Harappa writing system

Answer 34

language is undeciphered.

Question 35

Mohenjo-daro and Harappa city planning?

Answer 35

cities were carefully planned on a grid pattern. each house had a bathroom with plumbing to public sewers. had standardized weights and length measures as small as 1.6 mm.

Question 36

Shang & Zhou Dynasties location

Answer 36

yellow river valley (along the huang he river). extensive fertile land between the huang he and the chiang jiang riivers.

Question 37

Shang & Zhou Dynasties writing system

Answer 37

characters represented objects, ideas, and/or sounds. it was complex so only a few could read and write.

Question 38

Shang & Zhou Dynasties government

Answer 38

centralized authority was the emperor. incorporated fuedalism. dynasties ruled under the mandate of heaven.

Question 39

feudalism

Answer 39

territory is divided into regions controlled by relatives and loyal friends/nobles who owed allegiance, taxes, and soldiers to the emperor.

Question 40

dynastic cycle

Answer 40

starts whith the old dynasty being overthrown, then a new one emerges, gains power, establishes peace, starts to get corrupted, weakens more through disasters. Then, rebellions are justified as the dynasty seems to have lost the Mandate of Heaven, and the dynasty is overthrown.

Question 41

Olmec location

Answer 41

near the gulf of mexico. no major river system.

Question 42

Olmec characteristics

Answer 42

early olmec farmers used slash and burn for maize and other crops. they also built raised fields. known as the mother civilizations as it had influence for future mesoamerican civilizations theocracy, and the main olmec god had a human body and a cat like face of a jaguar. often sacrificed humans, animals, and other valuable objects. had a writing system of glyphs, pictures, and symbols of real objects. they had a calander. known for gigantic stone heads carved from basalt; heads of rulers.

Question 43

chavin location

Answer 43

near the andes mountains along the peruvian coast. centar was Chavin de Huantar (mountain valley). no major river system, but flooding occurred during the rainy season.

Question 44

chavin characteristics

Answer 44

agriculture based, mostly maize and potatoes. they controlled the trade routes in the regions. invented and spread metallurgy skills; gold, copper and silver were used for decorative and ceremonial items. skilled potters and weavers jaguar god inscribed on buildings, pottery, and textiles. other carvings have snakes, hawks, eagles and humans with cat like characteristics. goverment structure was weak and declined into various regional groups.

Question 45

monumental architecure

Answer 45

used to express wealth and power

Question 46

ancient civilizations to know and remember

Answer 46

6 to remember Mesopotamia - fertile cresent being origin Egypt - close to mesopotamia Mohenjo-daro and Harappa - cmon man u cant forget this Shang and Zhou Dynasties - chinaaa got 4 in asia, now 2 left olmec-mexicoooo chavin - peru