Summer Assignment (1.1-1.3) Flashcards
origin of humans
east africa
innovations of humans
fire, tools, language
neolithic revolution
the changeover from food gathering and hunting to farming/agriculture
animism
belief that objects have spirits
kinship groups
small groups of people related by blood or marraige
diffusion of agriculture
it was discovered independently at several locations in the world, and diffused through cultural diffusion (as nearby people learned about it).
domesticated animals in southwest asia
sheep and goats
domesticated animals in eurasia
horses, pigs, cows
domesticated animals in northern africa
cows
domesticated animals in china
water buffalo
domesticated animals in arabia and central asia
camels
pastoralism
dependance on herd of animals which groups keep and follow. migration based on these herds, which are based on climate/seasons.
diffusion of technology (pastoral nomads)
relocation diffusion as they interacted with technology.
patriarchy
men more powerful than women
Egalitarian society
equality in the society
advancements in farming
irrigation, tools/metallurgy
barter
trade of items without money
specialized workers
-Improved technology and methods increased the productivity of farms and farmers. This meant that not everyone had to farm. This allowed for specialization; where the types of jobs that people carried out increased in variety. Metallurgy developed, people started tailoring clothes and much more. Governing the civilization soon became an important task, and roles were created for this as well. Ultimately this lead to civilizations expanding, growing, and developing.
artisans
created hand made products and traded them. they weren’t high on the social ladder.
characterisitcs of civilization
specialization, stratification, religions, governments/some sort of leader
location of the earliest civilizations
most grew along fertile river valleys where enough food could be produced to sustain growing populations.
how did governments sustain where their power came from (ancient era)
claims of divine power
theocracy
same person is political and religious leader
characteristics of complex civilizations
developed records of trade and taxes, increased organization, conflicts over land and resources, religions (polytheistic instead of spirits and animism (mostly))
Mesopotamia location
within the fertile cresent, between the tigris and euphrates, between mediterranean sea and persian gulf
Mesopotamia writing
cuneiform was the sumerian system. formed around 3500 BCE and consisted of symbols that represented complex ideas. written on clay tables and scribes were trained to use the system.
hammurabi’s code
1st law code carved into stone stele. consists rules regarding daily life. has an “eye-for-eye” relationship between crime and punishment. identified 3 classes; free land owning, dependent farmers and craftsmen, and slaves.
what did legal codes in Mesopotamia reinforce
the social/political and gender hierarchy.
Hittites
civilizations near Anatolia
Egypt location
nile river valley. nile had yearly flooding and civilization was naturally protected by deserts.
Egypt writing system
hieroglyphs (picture symbols) for writing.
Egypt government
theocracy. king controled trade, taxes, army, building of canals and dams and grain storehouses and pyramids and temples. used a bureacraucracy
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa location
indus river valley
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa writing system
language is undeciphered.
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa city planning?
cities were carefully planned on a grid pattern. each house had a bathroom with plumbing to public sewers. had standardized weights and length measures as small as 1.6 mm.
Shang & Zhou Dynasties location
yellow river valley (along the huang he river). extensive fertile land between the huang he and the chiang jiang riivers.
Shang & Zhou Dynasties writing system
characters represented objects, ideas, and/or sounds. it was complex so only a few could read and write.
Shang & Zhou Dynasties government
centralized authority was the emperor. incorporated fuedalism. dynasties ruled under the mandate of heaven.
feudalism
territory is divided into regions controlled by relatives and loyal friends/nobles who owed allegiance, taxes, and soldiers to the emperor.
dynastic cycle
starts whith the old dynasty being overthrown,
then a new one emerges,
gains power,
establishes peace,
starts to get corrupted,
weakens more through disasters.
Then, rebellions are justified as the dynasty seems to have lost the Mandate of Heaven, and the dynasty is overthrown.
Olmec location
near the gulf of mexico. no major river system.
Olmec characteristics
early olmec farmers used slash and burn for maize and other crops. they also built raised fields.
known as the mother civilizations as it had influence for future mesoamerican civilizations
theocracy, and the main olmec god had a human body and a cat like face of a jaguar.
often sacrificed humans, animals, and other valuable objects.
had a writing system of glyphs, pictures, and symbols of real objects.
they had a calander.
known for gigantic stone heads carved from basalt; heads of rulers.
chavin location
near the andes mountains along the peruvian coast. centar was Chavin de Huantar (mountain valley). no major river system, but flooding occurred during the rainy season.
chavin characteristics
agriculture based, mostly maize and potatoes.
they controlled the trade routes in the regions.
invented and spread metallurgy skills; gold, copper and silver were used for decorative and ceremonial items.
skilled potters and weavers
jaguar god inscribed on buildings, pottery, and textiles.
other carvings have snakes, hawks, eagles and humans with cat like characteristics.
goverment structure was weak and declined into various regional groups.
monumental architecure
used to express wealth and power
ancient civilizations to know and remember
6 to remember
Mesopotamia - fertile cresent being origin
Egypt - close to mesopotamia
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa - cmon man u cant forget this
Shang and Zhou Dynasties - chinaaa
got 4 in asia, now 2 left
olmec-mexicoooo
chavin - peru
