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Neurobiology of Motivation > Summer 2023 Review > Flashcards

Summer 2023 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Where do action potentials form?

A

Axon Initial Segment

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2
Q

Where in the cell is NA+ high?

A

Outside the cell

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2
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

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3
Q

Where in the cell is K+ high?

A

Inside the cell

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4
Q

If something positive enters the cell and it becomes more positive it is called _______

A

Depolarization

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4
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

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5
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A place where two nerve cells come in very close proximity to one another and send signals

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5
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

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6
Q

The _______ is a portion of the basal ganglia that receives dopamine signals from the substantia nigra.

A

striatum

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7
Q

What is the index of the world’s leading scholarly journals in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities called?

A

Web of Science

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8
Q

What are the two preprint servers called?

A

BioRxiv and MedRxiv

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9
Q

What are two components of the SNARE complex?

A

synaptobrevin and syntaxin

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10
Q

What receptor does muscarine (in poison mushrooms) activate?

A

muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

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11
Q

What is the name of the disorder causing a person to physically act out their dreams?

A

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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12
Q

What is the name of the substance that builds up in the guts of sleep deprived animals?

A

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

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13
Q

In what receptor were mutations found in narcoleptic dogs?

A

Orexin/Hypocretin Receptors

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14
Q

What is the relationship of the three hunger hormones (Leptin, Ghrelin, Insulin)?

A

Insulin and Leptin = direct relationship (because when leptin is high you are full so you just ate which means your blood sugar is high, which means you need insulin to break down blood glucose)
Leptin and Ghrelin = indirect relationship (because when leptin is high you are full since you just ate which means you aren’t hungry which is what high Ghrelin makes you feel)
Insulin and Ghrelin = indirect relationship (because of the combination of the previous two relationships)

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15
Q

What is the definition of sleep? (make sure to remember the important keyword(s) we talked about)

A

A NORMAL and REVERSIBLE suspension of consciousness

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16
Q

What heroin do?

A

Heroin binds to the opiate receptor (for pain, stress, and emotional control), which then blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitters, so DOPAMINE is released.

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17
Q

What ecstasy do?

A

Ecstasy goes through and messes up serotonin transporter, so the transporter reverses and releases SEROTONIN.

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18
Q

What is motivation?

A

something that makes behavior more likely to occur or increases persistence

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19
Q

What marijuana do?

A

Marijuana (THC) binds to cannabinoid receptor (for removing short memory, causing slow movement), which then blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitters, so DOPAMINE is released.

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20
Q

What are two places in the brain that have major sources of dopamine?

A

Central Tegmental Area (VTA)
Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)

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21
Q

_______ and _______ are the two major sources of dopamine in the brain

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)

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22
Q

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for motion control and motor learning?

A

Basal ganglia

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23
Q

Electrical synapse is also called _______

A

Gap junction

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24
Q

Where does the striatum receive dopamine signals from?

A

substantia nigra

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25
Q

What drug is a precursor to dopamine?

A

L-dopa

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26
Q

What methamphetamine do?

A

Met goes through the dopamine transporters and enters vesicles that contain dopamine. Since the spots in the vesicles are taken, there will be excessive DOPAMINE after reuptake, which then is released again.

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27
Q

The flowing of potassium ions out of the neuron causes _______

A

Hyperpolarization

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28
Q

What alcohol do?

A

Alcohol binds to GABA receptor which gives inhibition boost. At the same time alcohol binds to glutamate receptor to block the release of GLUTAMATE. Therefore, there is less excitation, affecting memory formation and impulse control.

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29
Q

What cocaine do?

A

Cocaine binds to dopamine transporter, blocking dopamine during reuptake, so DOPAMINE binds to its receptors, affecting reward system and voluntary movements.

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30
Q

What does it mean that circadian rhythms are heavily conserved?

A

Circadian rhythms are evolutionary and heavily adapted, which means it’s not necessarily affected by light

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31
Q

What do you use to track Ca activity in the brain?

A

GCaMP

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32
Q

What LSD do?

A

LSD binds to SEROTONIN receptors, causing both inhibitory and excitatory effects, so it provides a combined magical feeling. This affects locus coeruleus, which control sensory wakefulness.

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33
Q

What increases in the gut as one becomes more deprived of sleep?

A

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

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34
Q

Why are some certain drugs so addictive?

A

They simulate the same affect dopamine has on someone’s brain

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35
Q

Drugs of abuse increase extracellular dopamine levels. What does this affect?

A

It desensitizes dopamine receptors and results in tolerance and less dopamine receptors in the brain

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36
Q

What is the gap in between two neurons where the two neurons communicate?

A

The synapse

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37
Q

Which hormones are related to hunger and what do they do?

A

Ghrelin: Increases hunger/need for food
Insulin: is responsible for glucose regulation
Leptin: Increases the feeling of fullness/signals to the brain the consumer has eaten enough

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38
Q

what are the POMC, CGRP and AgRP for?

A

POMC for satiety & AgRP feel hunger
CGRP neurons control meal size

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39
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Rapid eye movements

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40
Q

What is forward genetics?

A

Start with phenotype and try to determine genetic basis

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41
Q

How do you detect sleep cycles in humans?

A

using the EEG

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42
Q

What happens when nicotine binds to the receptors?

A

increase signaling to NAc and PFc

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43
Q

Leptin Vs. Ghrelin

A

Leptin: tells your body you are FULL
Ghrelin: tells your body you are HUNGRY

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44
Q

Importance of Sleep

A

To reset the body, encode memories, brain health, gut/digestion, energy conservation

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45
Q

What part of the brain regulates hunger and sleep?

A

The hypothalamus

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46
Q

What gene is mutated in Narcolepsy?

A

Orexin or the hypocretin receptor gene

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47
Q

What are the two types of ways to activate neurons?

A

Chemogenetics and optogenetics

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48
Q

How long are circadian rhythms?

A

23 hours

49
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A portion of the brain that is responsible for motor control and motor thinking

50
Q

Circadian rhythms: sleeping

A

Your cells know what time of day it is, the body doesn’t need light cues in order to know when to get up/be tired

51
Q

Circadian rhythms: sleeping

A

Your cells know what time of day it is, the body doesn’t need light cues in order to know when to get up/be tired

52
Q

Circuit Level Observing

A

Electron microscopy to determine “connectome”, Visualize neurons, Tracing

53
Q

Optogenetics

A

Being able to put in ion channels that can open and close with light

54
Q

Cocaine acts on this neurotransmitter system

A

Dopamine

55
Q

Marijuana acts mimics this class of endogenous signaling molecules

A

Endocannabinoid system

56
Q

Methamphetamine is taken into cells through this transmembrane protein

A

Dopamine transporter

57
Q

Psychedelics are thought to act on this neurotransmitter system

A

serotonin system

58
Q

A journalist would create what kind of source?

A

Secondary Source

59
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Natural physiological and behavioural oscillations that repeat every 24 hours

60
Q

What is an electroencephalogram?

A

This electrophysiology technique can be used to determine if a person is sleeping

61
Q

What is Orexin?

A

A neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite

62
Q

Cocaine acts on this neurotransmitter system.

A

Dopamine

62
Q

The name for the difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell.

A

Membrane potential

63
Q

This is a government website that can be used to find biomedical research.

A

PubMed

64
Q

This technique uses light gated channels to manipulate neural activity.

A

Optogenetics

65
Q

What is Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?

A

A molecule that builds up in the guts of sleep deprived animals to cause death

66
Q

Natural Physiological and behavioral oscillations that repeat every 24 hours.

A

Circadian Rhythms

67
Q

how can you meausre neuron activity?

A

Calcium levels

68
Q

what is GFP?

A

green flourecent protien

69
Q

these two websites are where you can find preprints

A

biorxiv and medrxiv

70
Q

as action potential happens the cell becomes_____

A

depolarized

71
Q

a package of materials that can be transported through the cell, that fuses and shoves out contents

A

vesicle

72
Q

what triggers the SNARE complex?

A

calcium

73
Q

What is narcolepsy

A

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder of the orexin that can cause people to have sleep attacks, cataplexy, drowsiness, hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and disturbed sleep.

74
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

The progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra

75
Q

What is CRISPR /Cas9?

A

A tool for genetic editing.

76
Q

When do Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGNaC) open?

A

When the membrane potential crosses the threshold of -55 mV.

77
Q

When do Voltage gated Potassium Channels (VGKC) open?

A
78
Q

What is an electroencephalogram?

A

an electrophysiology technique to determine if a person is sleeping

79
Q

what helps transport neurotransmitters?

A

synaptic vesicles

80
Q

what is the name of the neurotransmitter system that caffeine acts on to promote wakefulness?

A

adenosine

81
Q

What do Glia cells do within the cell

A

Glial cells are types of cells that do not directly interact with synaptic interactions and electrical signaling from neurons. They have supportive functions to help maintain synaptic transmissions between neurons.

82
Q

What are electrical gradients?

A

The difference in charge across the membrane.

83
Q

What are chemical gradients?

A

The difference in solute concentration across the membrane

84
Q

where does the action potential usually peak?

A

40 mv

85
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

Action potentials cause waves of depolarization to travel through a neuron. The depolarization causes the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.

86
Q

what does the sodium potassium pump do?

A

pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

87
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

Also called a gap junction, an electrical synapse is the assembly of 6 proteins, or connexins, which come together to form a channel with a pore that ions can use to flow across an electrical synapse.

88
Q

When are neurons from ascending arousal system more active

A

More active during wakefulness

89
Q

what do sleep active Gaba-ergic neurons in POA inhibit

A

They inhibit centers for arousal in the hypothalamus and brainstem

90
Q

what are affects of sleep deprivation on the brain

A

affects include memory problems, a decrease in cognitive abilities, lack of control on moods and hallucination.

91
Q

what are the pros of energy conservation

A

they are “grounded in evolution”

92
Q

What are the cons of energy conservation

A

During REM we use a lot of energy up

93
Q

What is the site of synaptic transmission on a neuron?

A

The axon terminal

94
Q

Which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic?

A

A phospholipid has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

95
Q

Is the basal concentration of calcium in a neuron low or high?

A

Low

96
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor?

A

An ion channel

97
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor?

A

Receptors that activate a chain of
intracellular secondary messengers, usually GPCRs.

98
Q

Which part of the cell receives input from a presynaptic cell?

A

The Dendrites

99
Q

What is the difference in charges between the inside and outside of a cell known as?

A

Membrane Potential

100
Q

What is the signal for the SNARE complex to release neurotransmitters?

A

Calcium

101
Q

What part of the brain controls motor control and learning?

A

Basal Ganglia

102
Q

hat is it called when vSNARes and tSNARes come together to bring a vesicle towards the cell membrane?

A

Docked Vesicle

103
Q

What transporter is opened when insulin binds to IR and a “cascade reaction” occurs? (this transporter allows glucose into the cell)

A

GATE4 transporter

104
Q

what kinds of molecules can easily travel across the lipid bilayer?

A

small, uncharged polar molecules

105
Q

the gray matter of the anterior part of the frontal lobe that is highly developed in humans and plays a role in the regulation of complex cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning

A

Prefrontal cortex

106
Q

What is excess glucose stored as in the liver?

A

Glycogen

107
Q

first hand accounts from people that have direct connection to the topic

A

Primary source

108
Q

Desensitization to _________underlies the devaluation of repeated behaviors

A

dopamine

109
Q

an inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way

A

Propensity

110
Q

processes reward signals

A

Nucleus Accumbens (NAc)

111
Q

there are two types of proteins that mediate facilitated diffusion. what are they?

A

channel proteins and carrier proteins

112
Q

what does uniporter mean with respect to active transport?

A

transports a substrate across the cell membrane against the gradient with active transport.

113
Q

what does symporter mean with respect to active transport?

A

transports two different molecules in the same direction

114
Q

what does antiporter mean with respect to active transport?

A

transports two different molecules in the opposite direction

115
Q

What is insulin resistance?

A

Abnormal blood glucose levels that don’t allow the body to respond to insulin.

116
Q

What neuron does leptin activate?

A

POMC (provides satiated feeling)

117
Q

What neuron does ghrelin activate?

A

AgRP (provides hunger feeling)

118
Q

neuron

A

brain cell

119
Q

glia

A

braincell

120
Q

neurotransmitter

A

dopamine serotonbin

121
Q

GCaMP

A

way to view neuron axctivity through calcium screening

122
Q

selectively permeable membrane

A

receptor that allows some particles across the membrane but not otherss.

Neurobiology of Motivation (1 decks)

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