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Biology > Summer 2023 exam > Flashcards

Summer 2023 exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

Need nutrients for energy and raw material for growth and repair

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Release energy from their food

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3
Q

Excretion

A

CO2 and urine, need to be removed

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4
Q

Stimuli

A

React to changes in surroundings

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5
Q

Movement

A

Move towards things like water and food, away from predators and poisons

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

Control internal conditions

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7
Q

Reproduction

A

Ensuring offsprings

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8
Q

Growth and develop

A

Grow and develop into adult form

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9
Q

Organelles in animal cells

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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10
Q

Organelles in plant cells

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Vacuole

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11
Q

Similar cells are organised into…

A

tissues

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12
Q

Tissues are organised into…

A

organs

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13
Q

Organs make up…

A

organ systems

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14
Q

What can embryonic stem cells do?

A

Differentiate into any type of cell
Divide to produce lots of more undifferentiated cells

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15
Q

Adult stem cells can be found in…

A

bone marrow

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16
Q

Advantages of stem cells

A

Can cure many diseases
Replace faulty cells using embryonic stem cells
The embryonic stem cells are from unwanted embryos

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17
Q

Disadvantages of stem cells

A

Stem cells grown in labs can be contaminated with virus
Ethical issues as people see it as potential life being killed
Body can reject cells

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18
Q

Which living organisms are multicellular?

A

Plants, animals, some of fungi

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19
Q

Which living organisms are unicellular?

A

Bacteria, protoctists, some of fungi

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20
Q

Which living organisms can photosynthesise?

A

Plants, some of protoctists, some of bacteria

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21
Q

Which living organisms cannot photosynthesise?

A

Animals, fungi, some of protoctists, some of bacteria

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22
Q

Which living organisms have cell walls? What are they made of?

A

Plant, cellulose
Fungi, chitin
Some of protoctists, cellulose
Bacteria, peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Plants store carbohydrates as…

A

sucrose or starch

24
Q

Animals store carbohydrates as…

A

glycogen

25
Q

Fungi store carbohydrates as…

A

glycogen

26
Q

What do animals have that make them able to react to stimuli quickly?

A

Nervous coordination

27
Q

Structure of fungi

A

Body of mycelium, made up of hyphae with a lot of nuclei

28
Q

How do fungi feed?

A

Saprotrophic nutrition, secrete digestive enzymes onto food, dissolve it and absorb it

29
Q

Which living organisms are microscopic?

A

Protoctists
Bacteria

30
Q

True or False:
Bacteria has a nucleus

A

False - does not have one

31
Q

What does bacteria have instead of a nucleus?

A

Circular chromosome of DNA with plasmids

32
Q

Example of single celled fungi

A

Yeast

33
Q

Example of multicellular fungi

A

Mucor

34
Q

Example of plant-like protoctists

A

Chlorella

35
Q

Example of animal-like protoctists

A

Amoeba

36
Q

Example of pathogenic protoctist, what it causes

A

Plasmodium, causes malaria

37
Q

Example of pathogenic bacteria, what it causes

A

Pneumococcus, causes pneumonia

38
Q

Example of virus, what it causes

A

HIV, causes AIDS

39
Q

Virus structure

A

Do not have a cellular structure, have protein coat around some genetic material (DNA or RNA)

40
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Inside living cells, infect all kinds of cells

41
Q

Do virus come in a certain shape and size?

A

No, they come in a variety

42
Q

Enzymes are…(catalyst)

A

Biological catalysts, increases speed of reaction, do not get changed or used up during process

43
Q

Enzymes are…(made of what)

A

Protein, chains of amino acids

44
Q

Substrate

A

Molecule that is changed in a reaction

45
Q

Every enzyme has a…

A

Active site, where substrate locks to the enzyme

46
Q

Lock and key explanation

A

Only one type of substrate of specific shape can fit in the active site

47
Q

Increasing the temperature _______ enzyme reactions only to a certain point. Why?

A

Increases. They have more energy as the temp increases and collide more often to form enzyme-substrate complexes. When too hot, the bonds holding enzyme together breaks, active site denatures, cannot fit substrate

48
Q

Changing the pH affects enzyme activity, why?

A

Then pH levels can interfere with the active site, can denature it and change the shape of active site

49
Q

Common optimum pH for enzymes

A

pH 7

50
Q

Carbohydrates are made up of…

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

51
Q

Starch, glycogen and maltose are made up of molecules of…

A

glucose

52
Q

Proteins are made up of…

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Long chains of amino acids

53
Q

Lipids are made up of…

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Fatty acids and glycerol

54
Q

Test for glucose

A
  1. 5cm^3 of food solution in test tube
  2. water bath of 75 degrees
  3. 10 drops Benedict’s solution using pipette into test tube
  4. test tube into water bath for 5 mins
  5. if contains, blue. Green/yellow in low concentration; brick-red in high concentration
55
Q

Test for starch

A
  1. 5cm^3 of food solution in test tube
  2. 3 drops of iodine solution, gently shake
  3. if contains, browny-orange to black/blue black
56
Q

Test for protein

A
  1. 2cm^3 of food solution in test tube
  2. 2cm^3 of Biuret solution added and gently shake
  3. if contains, turn blue, pink or purple. if no, will stay blue
57
Q

Test for fat

A
  1. 5 cm^3 into test tube
  2. 3 drops of Sudan III stain solution by pipette
  3. bright red layer on top if lipid present

Biology (1 decks)

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