summer 2013 final Flashcards
What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons?
any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve
What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?
the nasal olfactory epithelium
the retina
the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion
the cochlear or spiral ganglion
What are possible transition zone - segmental combinations?
cervicalization of the occiput, occipitalization of C1
dorsalization of C7, cervicalization of T1
lumbarization of T12, dorsalization of L1
sacralization of L5, lumbarization of S1
coccygealization of S5, sacralization of Co1
What is/are the characteristic(s) of cervicalization of the occiput?
an increase in the occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines on the occipital bone
What is/are the characteristic(s) of occipitalization of C1?
the atlas may be partially or completely fused to the occiput
What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1?
atlas assimilation
What joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?
the subdental synchondrosis
What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7?
os odontoideum
What is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?
tip of the dens synchondrosis
What is the classification of the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?
amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
At what age will the tip of the dens center of ossification appear?
sometime in early adolescence
If the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is teh condition called?
terminal ossicle
What is a basilar impression?
persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain
What is basilar invagination?
the upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis
What is/are the characteristic(s) of dorsalization of C7?
the addition of a rib and changes in superior articular facet orientation are typical
What is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7?
female
What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1?
males are two to three times more affected
What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1?
the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?
L5
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
the head is held upright
the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than post
What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?
the righting reflex
What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?
between occiput and C1
What infant activities are associated with the development of the lumbar curve?
crawling and walking
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?
crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior to posterior
walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class?
military neck
humpback or hunchback
swayback
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?
a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
a lordosis or a hyperlordotic curve
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12% - 21% incidence
Indentify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?
fetuses, newborns, rearely in children under 5 years old, patients who have never walked, and in non-erect species
What types of function(s) have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament?
nociception, neuromodulation, and autonomic function
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (inuit) male at the S1 level
Identify all names given to type 1 spondylolisthesis?
dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis
What gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type 2 spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type 3 spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
What causes type 4 spondylolisthesis?
fracture of the neural arch components
What are the cause(s) associated with type 5 spondylolisthesis?
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
psoas major
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?
S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, and S5
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
How many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum?
four
What forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament, intercornual ligament
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?
the union of the superficial dorsal and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligaments
Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
obliquus capitis inferior
What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?
postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
Which suboccipital muscle is known to attach to dura mater?
rectus capitis posterior minor
Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?
intertransversarii
Identify all muscle groups innervated by dorsal primary rami branch patterns
splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis, suboccipital, interspinalis, levator costarum, and intertransversarii
What do chemoreceptors monitor?
hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels,
hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels, and
elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH
What are the general types of distribution-function sensory receptor endings?
exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors
Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?
lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles
Which of the encapsulated nerve endings are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors?
tactile corpuscles or Meissner’s corpuscles and lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles
What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers
Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion
sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses;
motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses
Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?
cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve,
cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve,
cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve, and
cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve
Muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?
cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve,
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve,
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve,
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve, and
cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve
What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?
cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve,
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve,
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve,
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve,
as well as spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2, and S2-S4
What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and some unique specialized cell types
What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body?
a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion
What cells derived from the neural crest were emphasized in class?
secondary sympathetic efferent neurons and adrenal medulla chromaffin cells
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?
cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve,
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve,
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, and
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve
What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?
somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons
What are the four classifications of afferent neurons?
somatic afferent, visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, and special sensory
What do somatic afferents monitor?
pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception
What do visceral afferents monitor?
baroreception, chemoreception, and sensation from viscera
What do special visceral afferents monitor?
olfaction and taste
What do special sensory afferents monitor?
vision, hearing, and equilibrium
Cranial nerve I is an example of which classification of sensory pathway?
special visceral afferent
What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?
it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia
What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?
it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia
What forms the true olfactory nerve?
fila olfactoria
What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?
olfactory glomerulus
What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve?
mitral cell
What is the function of the rod cell?
provide vision in dim light conditions
What is the function of the cone cell?
provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision
What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?
rod cell
What is the primary afferent neuron of the second cranial nerve?
bipolar cell
What is the secondary sensory neuron of the second cranial nerve?
ganglion cell
What forms the optic nerve?
axons of ganglion cells
What occurs at the optic chiasma?
part of the optic nerve decussates
Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?
lateral geniculate nucleus
What is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve?
oculomotor nuclear complex
What is/are the target organ(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve?
medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique extrinsic muscles of the eyeball and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid
Which visceral efferent pathway is conveyed in the third cranial nerve?
a parasympathetic motor pathway
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?
accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal
What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?
ciliary ganglion
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve?
short ciliary nerve
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets?
sphincter pupillae & ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the third cranial nerve travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?
Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion
What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?
it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain;
it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the mid-brain from its nucleus
The right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle?
the right side muscle
The fourth cranial nerve exits the cranial vault by way of which opening?
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid bone
Somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle(s)?
superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the fourth cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?
ophthalmic division of trigeminal
Central sensory processes from the Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion or trigeminal ganglion are conveyed to the pons in what structure?
the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve
Typically, primary afferent neurons of the fourth cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?
spinal trigeminal nucleus
Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?
mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
The fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the ____.
great sensory nerve of the face
Identify each branch of the fifth cranial nerve arising from its ganglion.
ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
What is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve?
ophthalmic nerve - superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve - foramen rotundum
mandibular nerve - foramen ovale
What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault?
ophthalmic nerve - orbit
maxillary nerve - pterygopalatine region
mandibular nerve - infratemporal region
At its apparent origin cranial nerve V conveys which classifications of neural pathways?
somatic afferent pathway and branchial efferent pathway
Peripheral sensory processes of the fifth cranial nerve are primarily derived from pseudounipolar afferent neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?
semilunar ganglion,
trigeminal ganglion,
Gasserian ganglion
Central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?
mainly in the principal sensory nucleus;
some in the spinal trigeminal nucleus
What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
What are the names of the muscles of mastication?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid
The fifth cranial nerve carries peripheral sensory processes from endings located in the muscles of mastication and the extraocular muscles to pseudounipolar cells located in which nucleus?
mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
Afferent neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus that are associated with sensation from the muscles of mastication will synapse at what locations?
trigeminal motor nucleus or spinal trigeminal nucleus
The sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?
lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of the eye
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the sixth cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?
ophthalmic division of trigeminal
Because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the ____.
great motor nerve of the face
What classifications of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve?
branchial efferent, visceral efferent, somatic afferent, special visceral afferent
What is the opening through which the seventh cranial nerve exists the cranial vault?
internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone
What is the name of the afferent ganglion for the seventh cranial nerve?
geniculate ganglion, genicular ganglion
Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?
The stylomastoid foramen
Intowhat region of the head will the stylomastoid foramen open?
the parotid region
Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?
muscles of facial expression, muscles of the scalp and auricle, the buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?
superior salivatory nucleus
Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve?
nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve
Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum,
longissimus thoracic pars lumborum, and
multifidis lumborum
Aa
Dd
