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Spinal Anatomy 2 > summer 2013 final > Flashcards

summer 2013 final Flashcards

0
Q

What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons?

A

any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve

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1
Q

What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?

A

the nasal olfactory epithelium
the retina
the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion
the cochlear or spiral ganglion

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2
Q

What are possible transition zone - segmental combinations?

A

cervicalization of the occiput, occipitalization of C1
dorsalization of C7, cervicalization of T1
lumbarization of T12, dorsalization of L1
sacralization of L5, lumbarization of S1
coccygealization of S5, sacralization of Co1

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3
Q

What is/are the characteristic(s) of cervicalization of the occiput?

A

an increase in the occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines on the occipital bone

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4
Q

What is/are the characteristic(s) of occipitalization of C1?

A

the atlas may be partially or completely fused to the occiput

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5
Q

What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1?

A

atlas assimilation

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6
Q

What joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?

A

the subdental synchondrosis

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7
Q

What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7?

A

os odontoideum

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8
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?

A

tip of the dens synchondrosis

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9
Q

What is the classification of the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?

A

amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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10
Q

At what age will the tip of the dens center of ossification appear?

A

sometime in early adolescence

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11
Q

If the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is teh condition called?

A

terminal ossicle

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12
Q

What is a basilar impression?

A

persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain

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13
Q

What is basilar invagination?

A

the upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis

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14
Q

What is/are the characteristic(s) of dorsalization of C7?

A

the addition of a rib and changes in superior articular facet orientation are typical

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15
Q

What is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7?

A

female

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16
Q

What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1?

A

males are two to three times more affected

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17
Q

What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1?

A

the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala

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18
Q

Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?

A

L5

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19
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?

A

centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
the head is held upright
the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than post

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20
Q

What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?

A

the righting reflex

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21
Q

What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?

A

between occiput and C1

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22
Q

What infant activities are associated with the development of the lumbar curve?

A

crawling and walking

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23
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?

A

crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior to posterior
walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development

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24
Q

What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?

A

a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination

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25
Q

What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class?

A

military neck
humpback or hunchback
swayback

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26
Q

What are the curve classifications for military neck?

A

a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve

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27
Q

What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?

A

a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve

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28
Q

What are the curve classifications for swayback?

A

a lordosis or a hyperlordotic curve

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29
Q

What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?

A

magnitude, location, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural

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30
Q

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis

A

left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence

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31
Q

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis

A

right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12% - 21% incidence

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32
Q

Indentify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

A

right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence

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33
Q

What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?

A

the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen

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34
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?

A

fetuses, newborns, rearely in children under 5 years old, patients who have never walked, and in non-erect species

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35
Q

What types of function(s) have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament?

A

nociception, neuromodulation, and autonomic function

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36
Q

What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?

A

a collared Scotty dog

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37
Q

What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?

A

rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida

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38
Q

What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?

A

the native Alaskan (inuit) male at the S1 level

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39
Q

Identify all names given to type 1 spondylolisthesis?

A

dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis

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40
Q

What gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type 2 spondylolisthesis?

A

isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

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41
Q

What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type 3 spondylolisthesis?

A

degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

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42
Q

What causes type 4 spondylolisthesis?

A

fracture of the neural arch components

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43
Q

What are the cause(s) associated with type 5 spondylolisthesis?

A

bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta

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44
Q

What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

A

psoas major

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45
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

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46
Q

What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

A

S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, and S5

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47
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

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48
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum?

A

four

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49
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament, intercornual ligament

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50
Q

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

A

the union of the superficial dorsal and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligaments

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52
Q

Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?

A

obliquus capitis inferior

53
Q

What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?

A

postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints

54
Q

Which suboccipital muscle is known to attach to dura mater?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor

55
Q

Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?

A

intertransversarii

56
Q

Identify all muscle groups innervated by dorsal primary rami branch patterns

A

splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis, suboccipital, interspinalis, levator costarum, and intertransversarii

57
Q

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

A

hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels,
hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels, and
elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH

58
Q

What are the general types of distribution-function sensory receptor endings?

A

exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors

59
Q

Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?

A

lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles

60
Q

Which of the encapsulated nerve endings are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors?

A

tactile corpuscles or Meissner’s corpuscles and lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles

61
Q

What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?

A

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

62
Q

Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion

A

sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses;
motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses

63
Q

Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?

A

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve,
cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve,
cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve, and
cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve

64
Q

Muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?

A

cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve,
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve,
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve,
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve, and
cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve

65
Q

What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?

A

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve,
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve,
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve,
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve,
as well as spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2, and S2-S4

66
Q

What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and some unique specialized cell types

67
Q

What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body?

A

a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion

68
Q

What cells derived from the neural crest were emphasized in class?

A

secondary sympathetic efferent neurons and adrenal medulla chromaffin cells

69
Q

Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?

A

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve,
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve,
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, and
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve

70
Q

What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?

A

somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons

71
Q

What are the four classifications of afferent neurons?

A

somatic afferent, visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, and special sensory

72
Q

What do somatic afferents monitor?

A

pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception

73
Q

What do visceral afferents monitor?

A

baroreception, chemoreception, and sensation from viscera

74
Q

What do special visceral afferents monitor?

A

olfaction and taste

75
Q

What do special sensory afferents monitor?

A

vision, hearing, and equilibrium

76
Q

Cranial nerve I is an example of which classification of sensory pathway?

A

special visceral afferent

77
Q

What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?

A

it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia

78
Q

What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?

A

it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia

79
Q

What forms the true olfactory nerve?

A

fila olfactoria

80
Q

What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?

A

olfactory glomerulus

81
Q

What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve?

A

mitral cell

82
Q

What is the function of the rod cell?

A

provide vision in dim light conditions

83
Q

What is the function of the cone cell?

A

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

84
Q

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

A

rod cell

85
Q

What is the primary afferent neuron of the second cranial nerve?

A

bipolar cell

86
Q

What is the secondary sensory neuron of the second cranial nerve?

A

ganglion cell

87
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

axons of ganglion cells

88
Q

What occurs at the optic chiasma?

A

part of the optic nerve decussates

89
Q

Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

90
Q

What is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve?

A

oculomotor nuclear complex

91
Q

What is/are the target organ(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve?

A

medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique extrinsic muscles of the eyeball and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid

92
Q

Which visceral efferent pathway is conveyed in the third cranial nerve?

A

a parasympathetic motor pathway

93
Q

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

A

accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal

94
Q

What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?

A

ciliary ganglion

95
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve?

A

short ciliary nerve

96
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets?

A

sphincter pupillae & ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles

97
Q

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the third cranial nerve travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?

A

Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion

98
Q

What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?

A

it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain;
it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the mid-brain from its nucleus

99
Q

The right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle?

A

the right side muscle

100
Q

The fourth cranial nerve exits the cranial vault by way of which opening?

A

superior orbital fissure; sphenoid bone

101
Q

Somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle(s)?

A

superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye

102
Q

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the fourth cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?

A

ophthalmic division of trigeminal

103
Q

Central sensory processes from the Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion or trigeminal ganglion are conveyed to the pons in what structure?

A

the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve

104
Q

Typically, primary afferent neurons of the fourth cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus

105
Q

Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?

A

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

106
Q

The fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the ____.

A

great sensory nerve of the face

107
Q

Identify each branch of the fifth cranial nerve arising from its ganglion.

A

ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve

108
Q

What is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve?

A

ophthalmic nerve - superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve - foramen rotundum
mandibular nerve - foramen ovale

109
Q

What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault?

A

ophthalmic nerve - orbit
maxillary nerve - pterygopalatine region
mandibular nerve - infratemporal region

110
Q

At its apparent origin cranial nerve V conveys which classifications of neural pathways?

A

somatic afferent pathway and branchial efferent pathway

111
Q

Peripheral sensory processes of the fifth cranial nerve are primarily derived from pseudounipolar afferent neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?

A

semilunar ganglion,
trigeminal ganglion,
Gasserian ganglion

112
Q

Central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?

A

mainly in the principal sensory nucleus;

some in the spinal trigeminal nucleus

113
Q

What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve?

A

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini

114
Q

What are the names of the muscles of mastication?

A

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

115
Q

The fifth cranial nerve carries peripheral sensory processes from endings located in the muscles of mastication and the extraocular muscles to pseudounipolar cells located in which nucleus?

A

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

116
Q

Afferent neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus that are associated with sensation from the muscles of mastication will synapse at what locations?

A

trigeminal motor nucleus or spinal trigeminal nucleus

117
Q

The sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?

A

lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of the eye

118
Q

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the sixth cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?

A

ophthalmic division of trigeminal

119
Q

Because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the ____.

A

great motor nerve of the face

120
Q

What classifications of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve?

A

branchial efferent, visceral efferent, somatic afferent, special visceral afferent

121
Q

What is the opening through which the seventh cranial nerve exists the cranial vault?

A

internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

122
Q

What is the name of the afferent ganglion for the seventh cranial nerve?

A

geniculate ganglion, genicular ganglion

123
Q

Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?

A

The stylomastoid foramen

124
Q

Intowhat region of the head will the stylomastoid foramen open?

A

the parotid region

125
Q

Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?

A

muscles of facial expression, muscles of the scalp and auricle, the buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric

126
Q

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

A

superior salivatory nucleus

127
Q

Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve?

A

nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve

144
Q

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum,
longissimus thoracic pars lumborum, and
multifidis lumborum

145
Q

Aa

A

Dd

Spinal Anatomy 2 (1 decks)

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