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Summed Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The regulations of internal conditions within an organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to changes in stimuli

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2
Q

What are the 4 conditions that are kept constant in the body

A

Glucose concentration
Temperature
Water content
Mineral ion content

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3
Q

Differences between nerves and hormones?

A

Nerves :
-messages in electrical impulses
-travel via neurons
- faster communication
-CNS
hormones:
-endocrine system
-these are chemicals secreted by glands
-passed in bloodstream
-slower communication

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4
Q

5 steps to negative feedback ?

A
  • conditions change from set point
  • change is detected
  • corrective mechanisms switched on
  • conditions return to set point
  • corrective mechanisms turned off
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5
Q

Hypothalamus’ job?

A

Monitors body temperature

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6
Q

Thermoregulatory centres job?

A

Detects a temp change using receptors

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7
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Temps too high so sweating releases energy known as the cooling effect

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8
Q

Define vasoconstriction

A

Temps too low so sweating stops and shivering occurs

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9
Q

How are each of the following sensitive to change?
Eye
Ears
Nose/ tongue
Skin

A

Eyes - sensitive light / movement
Ears - sensitive to sound / balance
Nose / tongue - sensitive to chemicals in food
Skim - sensitive to touch, pressure, temp and pain

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a neuron

A

They contain cell membranes, cytoplasm, nuclei and myelin sheaths surrounding the main body of cells ( insulator)

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11
Q

What is the order to a nervous response to change?

A

Stimuli
Receptors
Sensory neurone
CNS
Motor neurone
Effector

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12
Q

What is the order to a reflex action

A

Stimuli
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector

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13
Q

What is a synapse and what are the steps to how they work?

A

They are gaps between 2 nerves. Impulse — neurotransmitters diffuse — chemical triggers impulse to continue — receptor receives impulse

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14
Q

What hormone does each of the following glands release?
Pituitary
Pancreas
Ovaries
Kidney
Testes
Thyroid
Adrenal gland

A

Pituitary - ADH
Pancreas - insulin
Ovaries - oestrogen
Kidney- Vitamin D
testes- testosterone
Thyroid - thyroxine
Adrenal glands -adrenaline

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15
Q

What happens when blood glucose is too low?

A

pancreas produces glucagon which then converts glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscle cells

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16
Q

What happens when blood glucose is too high?

A

Glucose moves into the blood of cells and the liver and muscle cells convert excess glucose into glycogen for storage

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17
Q

What is type 1 diabetes and how is it treated?

A

Insulin isn’t produced as immune system attacks islet cells. You are born with it and requires regular insulin injections

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18
Q

What is type 2 diabetes and how is it treated?

A

Insulin is produced less and body becomes resistant to it. Controlling diet, exercise and weight is how it’s treated.

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19
Q

What hormones are produced by ovaries?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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20
Q

What hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A

FSH And LH

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21
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes uterus lining to thicken

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22
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains the uterus lining

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23
Q

What does LH do?

A

This causes egg release and stimulates progesterone

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24
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes egg maturation and stimulated oestrogen

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25
Q

What are the five steps to the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH production, Oestrogen released, lining thickens, LH released, egg release

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26
Q

What’s in the mini pill?

A

Progesterone and not oestrogen

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27
Q

What’s in the combined pill?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

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28
Q

What’s the implant?

A

Prevents egg release by slowly releasing progesterone into uterus

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29
Q

What are the 8 contraceptive methods?

A

Condoms
intrauterine devices
Diaphragm
Abstinence
Pill
Surgical methods
Chemical methods
Implant

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30
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes in humans?

A

23 pairs

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31
Q

Define haploid

A

One set of chromosomes

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32
Q

Define diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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33
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

This is where a single parent can reproduce to form clones of themselves. This doesn’t involve sex cells.

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34
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

This involves two parents and produces gametes. Sex cells are involved

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35
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division where all cells are genetically identical

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36
Q

What is meiosis?

A

This involves two daughter cells that divide into 4 gametes. The cells are not genetically identical so variation occurs. It involves haploid chromosomes.

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37
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid and is an instruction manual for genetic code

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38
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Coiled thread of DNA found in nuclei of cells

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39
Q

What is a gene?

A

A length of DNA that codes for the making of a particular protein

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40
Q

Define genome

A

A complete set of genes and its instructions

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41
Q

Define alleles

A

Different varieties of a gene

42
Q

Define genotype

A

Genes within cells

43
Q

Define phenotype

A

Physical appearance

44
Q

Define heterozygous

A

One dominent allele one recessive

45
Q

Define homozygous

A

Both dominant or both recessive alleles

46
Q

What is the order to IVF?

A
  1. Fertility drugs used for maturation
  2. Eggs are placed into a pétri dish and mixed with a special solution
  3. Semen is added from a sperm donor
  4. Eggs checked for fertilisation
  5. When they have become small balls of cells 1 or 2 are placed inside mother
47
Q

What are factors causing IVF ( 5 )

A

Obesity
Damaged oviducts
Eating disorders
Lack of hormones
Lack of sperm

48
Q

What is the chromosome set for a man and a woman?

A

Man - XY
Woman - XX

49
Q

What are the 3 stages to the ruler drop test?

A
  1. Use of dominant hand rests whilst other person drops a ruler,
  2. The hand rests at 0cm and catches the ruler when it is dropped, the cm which it is caught at is recorded and this repeats with other people
  3. Recordings are then converted into reaction times
50
Q

7 factors affecting reaction time?

A

Age
Gender
Physical fitness
Level of fatigue
Alcohol
Personality type
Caffeine

51
Q

Define genetic variation

A

Genetic info Inherited via mother and father who produce gametes that combine during fertilisation

52
Q

Define environmental variation

A

Changes carried out by an individual and are not caused by genes

53
Q

Define selective breeding

A

Choosing animals / plants with the best traits and breeding them to make more

54
Q

Define genetic engineering

A

Modification of a genome using a gene from a different organism in order to improve characteristics

55
Q

How can cows milk be genetically engineered ? ( 3 things )

A

For extra protein
For lower levels of cholesterol
Human antibodies

56
Q

State 4 advantages to genetically engineering

A

Improving crop yield
Improving resistance to pesticides
Overcome inherited disorders
Extend shelf life

57
Q

State 3 disadvantages to genetically engineering

A

Expensive
Effects can be passed on to other crops / animals
Needs for long term studies

58
Q

What are the 5 steps to modification

A
  1. Identify desired gene
  2. Remove gene from DNA
  3. Cut open DNA in the other organism
  4. Insert removed gene using enzymes again
  5. Clone the organism to produce lots of copies
59
Q

What are Darwin’s main observations? ( 3 )

A

Members of the same species show variation
All living things vary slightly in colour, shape, size or behaviour
Some characteristics are Inherited to the next generation

60
Q

What are fossils?

A

Preserved remains, impressions or traces of animals plants or other organisms that lived millions of years ago.

61
Q

Define population

A

All the organisms of a species in a habitat

62
Q

Define niche ( purpose )

A

How an organism fits into the environment, where it lives what it does

63
Q

Define habitat

A

Environment the organisms lives in

64
Q

Define community

A

All the populations of different organisms interacting in a place

65
Q

Define ecosystem

A

Made of all interacting biotic and abiotic features

66
Q

What are camels adaptations? ( 5 )

A

Big feet pads so they don’t sink
Humps for water / food storage
Long eyelashes to prevent sand getting in their eyes
Thick lips to ear sticks and bones
Thick insulating fur

67
Q

Define behavioural adaptations and give an example

A

Actions differentiate to increase survival
E.g possums playing dead

68
Q

Define structural adaptions and give an example

A

Structural / physical body features
E.g thick blabber on whales

69
Q

Define functional adaptations and give an example

A

Processed occurring inside the body
E.g hibernation

70
Q

Define extremophile and give an example

A

Organisms that are adapted to live in extreme habitats. For e.g angler fish living in extreme darkness and produce light using bioluminescent bacteria

71
Q

What are the 6 methods of seed dispersal

A

Gravity
Wind
Water
Through animals
‘Explosions’
Catapulted / ballistically moved

72
Q

Define extinction

A

The permanent loss of all members of a species

73
Q

Give 5 causes of extinction

A

Climate change
Predators
Diseases
Out-competed
Catastrophic event e.g meteors

74
Q

Define biomass

A

The amount of a certain producer / consumer / source etc

75
Q

Define interdependence and what three things do animals depend on from each other?

A

If one species is removed it will affect the whole community - interdependence
They depend on ;
Food
Shelter
Pollination

76
Q

Define décomposérs

A

Group of microorganism including bacteria / fungi that feed on dead animals plants or détrivores as well as their waste by secreting digestive enzymes to break down their cells

77
Q

What are détritivores

A

These are maggots some worms and Beatles which eat dead animals / plants / waste and produce the waste material that decomposers eat.

78
Q

What are the steps to the quadrat practical?

A

Make sure to know area of field beforehand and split the field into 1m square grids.
Randomly pick sections using a random number generator
Count the plants in each section using a quadrat
Calculate the mean which is total species / amount of grids

79
Q

What are the steps to the transect practical?

A

Place a measuring tape extending from one area to another, this is now the transect line.
For every 1m or regular interval place the quadrat on the floor
Count the number of species in each quadrat
Plot data on graph and calculate mean

80
Q

What is the pneumonic for remembering how to classify organisms

A

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

81
Q

State 5 non-communicable diseases

A

Cancer
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell ammonia
Polydactyly
Haemophilia

82
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A hereditary disorder affecting the exocrine glands. It causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to blockage in the pancreatic ducts, intestines and bronchi often leading to respirating infection

83
Q

Is cystic fibrosis recessive or dominant?

A

Recessive genetic disease

84
Q

Define haemglobin

A

Red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates

85
Q
A
86
Q

What is sickle cell ammonia?

A

A sévère hereditary form of annemia in which a mutated form of haemglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels.

87
Q
A
88
Q

State symptoms of sickle cell ammonia

A

Yellowish skin colour, extreme tiredness, painful hand/ foot swelling,

89
Q

Is sickle cell ammonia dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

90
Q
A
91
Q

What is polydactyly

A

A condition in which a person or animal has more than five fingers or toes on one, or on each, hand or foot

92
Q

Is polydactyly dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant

93
Q
A
94
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

A medicinal condition in which the ability for blot clotting is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed from even a slight injury

95
Q
A
96
Q

State symptoms of haemophilia

A

Large/deep bruises, unusual bleeding after vaccinating, excessive and unexplained bleeding from cuts and injuries, pain swelling / tightness, nosebleeds, blood in urine

97
Q

Is haemphobia recessive or dominant?

A

Recessive

98
Q
A
99
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

Testing groups of people for the presence of a particular allele or other genetic abnormality

100
Q

What is the main purpose for genetic screening

A

To help diagnose a rare health condition in children

101
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Modification of somebody’s genes to treat or cure illnesses

102
Q

What is stem cell treatment?

A

Replacement of damaged cells by chemotherapy with stem cells

Biology summed (1 decks)

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