Summative Test #2 Flashcards
- a naturally-occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and unique crystalline structure.
Mineral
- those that are not derived from a living matter.
Inorganic substances
- a solid material composed of an element, a compound or a mixture whose
internal arrangement of atoms or molecules exhibits a repetitive pattern.
Crystal
-the amount of material present in an object.
Mass
- the amount of space occupied by an object.
Volume
-a means of finding the volume of a solid by submerging it into water. The volume of the solid is equal to the amount of water it displaces.
Water Displacement Method
- kidney-shaped.
Reniform
- shiny and radiant
Splendent
Which of the following is a characteristic of a mineral?
a. It is inorganic.
b. It is solid at room temperature.
c. It has definite chemical composition.
d. a, b and c
a. It is inorganic.
Which property can be used to identify a mineral?
I. color II. streak III. luster IV. hardness
a. a. I, II and IIIonly
b. II, III and IV
c. I, III and IV
d. all of them
b. II, III and IV
What mineral is the hardest according to Mohs Scale?
a. talc
b. quartz
c. calcite
d. diamond
d. diamond
A mineral is harder than glass but softer than steel. What mineral is being referred
to?
a. talc
b. topaz
c. gypsum
d. feldspar
d. feldspar
Which property is NOT so reliable in identifying a mineral?
a. color
b. streak
c. density
d. specific gravity
a. color
- least useful property in identifying minerals
- can be easily altered, highly variable by impurities
Color
- the color of mineral in its powder form
- ‘streak test’
Streak
- how the minerals’ surface reflects light
Metallic: shiny, generally opaque
Non-Metallic: dull & greasy, glass like
Luster
- the ability of a mineral to resist being scratched
- ‘scratch test’
- Moh’s Hardness Scale
Hardness
Mohs Scale Created By
Friedrich Mohs
-mineral breaks unevenly or irregularly
Fracture
-tendency of minerals to break evenly
Cleavage
__________- The quality of the development of crystal faces present:
Euhedral: well-developed crystals with most crystal faces shown.
Subhedral: partially-developed crystals with some crystal faces shown.
Anhedral: irregularly-formed minerals with no crystal faces shown.
Crystal Form
- measure of density of a mineral
- ratio of the density of the mineral to the density of water (g/cm^3)
- d= m/v
Specific Gravity
- some minerals emit a distinctive color under ultraviolet light (e.g the violet glow of fluorite, the green glow of willemite, or the pink glow of manganese-bearing calcite). Fluorescence is caused by small traces of impurity elements (called activators) in the mineral’s crystal lattice.
Fluorescence
- minerals that contain radioactive elements may show the property of radioactivity
Radioactivity
- Some minerals can be strongly attracted (ferromagnetic), slightly attracted (paramagnetic) or repelled (diamagnetic) by a magnet. Magnetite shows the property of magnetism, it is a natural magnet.
Magnetism
images look double when they are viewed
Optical Properties
some minerals react when a drop of acid is placed on it. It fizzes and bubbles
Chemical reaction
hallite has a salty taste
Taste
- classified by the element and compound found in minerals
Classification of Minerals
- minerals that contain compounds of oxygen and silicone
- silicate minerals make up more than 90% of Earth’s crust
- most silicate minerals also contain elements other than silicone and oxygen such as aluminum, magnesium, or iron
Silicate Minerals
with iron and/or magnesium
Ferromagnesian
without iron and/ or magnesium
Non-ferromagnesian
- minerals that do not contain compounds of oxygen and silicone
Non-Silicate Minerals
- native element that are composed of a single element
- e.g. gold, silver, copper, iron, platinum
Native Element
- consist of halogen elements, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine forming strong ionic bonds with alkali and alkali earth elements sodium, calcium, potassium
Halides
- carbon and oxygen
- reacts when exposed to hydrochloric acid and if it fizzes it contains carbonate
- e.g. calcium carbonate, calcite, dolomite
Carbonates
- one or more metal cations bonded to oxygen or hydroxyl anions
Oxides
- sulfur and oxygen
- includes SO4 combined with alkali earth metals
Sulfate
- one or more metal cations combined with sulfur
Sulfide
- minerals that contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO3−4) anion
Phosphate
Copper- electrical wiring
Gold, Diamond, Silver, and Platinum- for jewelry
Talc- cosmetics and cat litter
Quartz- to make glass
Graphite- pencil lead
Halide- table salt
Galena- batteries
Cinnabar- mercury
Gypsum- plaster, cement
Common Uses of Minerals
- natural occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter
- classified by how they are formed, composition and texture
- rock changes over time through the rock cycle
ROCKS
- rocks that are formed by the solidification of lava
- external- outer surface
- fast rate of cooling/crystallization due to huge temperature difference
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
- rocks that are formed from solidification of molten rock material (magma and lava)
Igneous Rocks
- formed from the cooling and solidification of magma
- slow
- internal
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
- slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture
Phaneritic
-mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix
Porphyritic
- When lava is extruded onto the surface, or intruded into shallow fissures near the surface and cools, the resulting igneous rock is called extrusive or volcanic. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with our naked eye
Aphanitic
- the gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava (air bubbles)
Vesicular
Felsic- also called granitic; >65% silica, generally light colored
Intermediate- also called andesitic; 55-65% silica, generally medium colored
Mafic- also called basaltic; 45-55% silica, generally dark colored
Ultramafic- <45% silica, generally very dark colored, composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene which are major constituents of the upper mantle
Classification of Igneous Rocks (Composition)
- formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organism that accumulate on the Earth’s surface
Sedimentary Rocks
- pre-existing rocks, further classified based on dominant grain size (fine, medium, coarse-grained)
Clastic
- composed of minerals that have precipitated from water or have been formed through biological processes. halite (salt) and gypsum deposits by chemical precipitation as concentration of solids increases due to water loss by evaporation.
- organic: solution
- chemical: remains of plants and animals.
Non-Clastic
- rocks that undergo a change or through the process of metamorphism.
Metamorphic Rocks
Contact Metamorphism
Main factor: heat
Non-Foliated
Regional Metamorphism
Main factor: pressure
Foliated
Types of Metamorphism
- concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest
Mineral Occurrence
- mineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditions
Mineral Deposit
- mineral deposit that has been tested and known to be economically profitable to mine
Ore Deposit
minerals with economic value
Ore Minerals
- minerals which do not have economic value
Gangue Minerals
Interest in the mineral
Size of the deposit
Mineral concentration
Mineral depth below the surface
Market value
Factors that determine if a mineral is of economic value:
Magmatic mineral deposits
Hydrothermal mineral deposits
Sedimentary mineral deposits
Placer mineral deposits
Metamorphic deposits
Mineral deposits can be classified on the basis of the mechanism responsible for concentrating the valuable substance
- formed during crystallization of a magma
- host rock can range from ultramafic to felsic
Magmatic Ore Deposits
Gravitational settling- as minerals crystallize from a magma body, heavy minerals may sink to the bottom of the magma chamber and others may form on the sides of the chamber
Differentiation- process by which a homogenous body of magma, because of differentiation, evolves into a compositionally varied suite of rocks. This process is driven by the cooling and crystallization of magma,
where minerals form at different forms
Crystal Fractionation
Partial Melting
Magma mixing
Assimilation
Immiscible separations- is a physical separation of a portion of a magma, immiscible melts from irregular shaped segregations or may be injected as a dike into previously crystallized material
3 primary means of concentrating minerals
- produced when groundwater circulates down to depths and heats up, either by coming near a hot igneous body or circulating to great depths which naturally heat the water.
- as the hot water moves into cooler areas of the crust, the dissolved minerals are precipitated and deposited from hot water solution
- if cooling takes place rapidly in open fractures or upon reaching cool surface, then precipitation will take place over a limited area, resulting in a higher concentration of minerals than was originally present in the rocks.
process: ground water contacts igneous rock → mineral residue dissolves w/water → the mineral-rich water travel long distances from their heat source, carrying the dissolved minerals with them → minerals precipitate and crystallize → ore forms
Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
- Formed when heavy metals are mechanically concentrated by flowing surface waters depositing high density minerals either in streams or along coastlines.
- occurs between ripple marks, behind rock bars, on the inside of the meandering streams, and in holes on the bottom of a stream
placer deposits
- results of chemical weathering in warm tropical climates with high rainfall and temperature
process: minerals oxidize and breakdown → water transports downwards → less oxygen leads to precipitation → secondary ore which has higher value forms
secondary enrichment (sedimentation)
- produced by contact metamorphism
metamorphic deposits
Refers to a set of processes in which useful resources are withdrawn from a stock of any non-renewable resource
Mining
Utilized to extract ore minerals that are close to earth’s surface
Types:
Open pit mining
Quarrying
Placer mining
Strip mining
Surface mining
Utilized to extract ore minerals from the ore body that is deep under the earth’s surface
Underground mining
looking for the ore body
Prospecting or exploration
Extracting a part of the ore to determine the resulting ore, its quality, and the amount of ore minerals
Drilling
- Determining the ore’s size, shape, and grade distribution throughout the deposit to apply appropriate mining methods, blast and dig pattern designs, safety precautions, and efficiency and processing methods.
Modeling
- Considering on the social and environmental aspects and finding ways of mitigating any consequence of the mining
operation, with the purpose of bringing the area back as close to its original state as possible.
Identifying and assessing the potential impacts
- Creating the appropriate mine and operational design, and proceeding with the
construction once all the necessary permits are acquired from the government and local
communities.
Designing and constructing the mine
Separation of high grade ores from the rest of the deposit.
Ore extraction
Crushing and concentration of ores; waste materials are released.
Milling
The crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier/denser minerals sink thus are separated from the lighter minerals.
Heavy media separation
- separated from the waste materials using a powerful magnet.
Magnetic separation
- powdered ore is placed into an agitated and frothy slurry where some minerals and metals based on physical and chemical properties may either sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top
Flotation
- crushed rock is placed on a “leach pile” where cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped on top of the pile. As the leach solution percolates down through the rocks, the gold is dissolved into the solution.
Cyanide heap leaching
Closure of the depleted mine; the mine site is cleaned up and reclaimed or rehabilitated for other purposes.
Mine site decommissioning
Which of the following is NOT a mineral?
a. silicate
b. table salt
c. table sugar
d. snow flakes
c. table sugar
What characteristics must a substance possess to be considered a mineral?
I. It must be inorganic.
III. It must be naturally found in nature.
II. It must be hard and compact.
IV. It must be solid at room temperature.
a. I, II and III only
b. II, III and IV only
c. I, III and IV only
d. I, II and IV only
c. I, III and IV only
What is the basis in classifying minerals?
a. color
b. streak
c. specific gravity
d. chemical composition
d. chemical composition
A mineral is harder than glass but softer than steel. What must it be?
a. talc
b. quartz
c. calcite
d. feldspar
d. feldspar
A synthetic diamond is prepared in a laboratory by placing carbon under high
pressure. Is this laboratory-made diamond a mineral?
a. Yes, because it is still made up of inorganic substance.
b. Yes, because it still has a definite chemical composition.
c. No, because it is made up of carbon atoms.
d. No, because it is not made through a natural process.
d. No, because it is not made through a natural process.
Why is color not a very useful property in mineral identification?
a. because some minerals are clear or colorless
b. because each mineral has its own distinct color
c. because same minerals can have different colors
d. because the color of a mineral can be different from its streak
c. because same minerals can have different colors
What property does the Mohs Scale measure?
a. luster
b. density
c. hardness
d. specific gravit
c. hardness
Which of the following is true about all silicate minerals?
a. They have high density and perfect cleavage.
b. They are colorless, transparent and prismatic.
c. They are made up of the two main elements silicon and oxygen.
d. a, b and c
c. They are made up of the two main elements silicon and oxygen.
You found a clear mineral embedded in a rock. It cannot be scratched by your
fingernail but can be scratched by a knife. What mineral is it?
a. quartz
b. calcite
c. gypsum
d. diamond
b. calcite
Which of the following is the most common rock-forming mineral type?
a. quartz
b. calcite
c. alkali feldspar
d. plagioclase feldspar
d. plagioclase feldspar
When rocks are affected by weathering and erosion, they change into which of
the following?
A. Lava
B. Magma
C. Sediment
D. Igneous rock
C. Sediment
What type of rock is formed when sediment is compacted and cemented?
A. Igneous rock
B. Sedimentary rock
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Magma
B. Sedimentary rock
What is formed when heat and pressure are applied to a sedimentary rock?
A. Igneous rock
B. Sedimentary rock
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Magma
C. Metamorphic rock
When melting of a metamorphic rock occurs, it changes into which of the
following?
A. Lava
B. Magma
C. Sediment
D. Igneous rock
B. Magma
What kind of rock is formed when magma hardens?
A. Lava
B. Magma
C. Sediment
D. Igneous rock
D. Igneous rock
What process is used to form sedimentary rocks?
a. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock.
b. Bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock from pressure.
c. Extreme heat and pressure from inside the Earth turn rocks into new
rocks.
d. Magma trapped under the Earth’s surface cools and solidifies.
b. Bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock from pressure.
