Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1ST SEM: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE > Summative Test #2 > Flashcards

Summative Test #2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • a naturally-occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and unique crystalline structure.
A

Mineral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • those that are not derived from a living matter.
A

Inorganic substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • a solid material composed of an element, a compound or a mixture whose
    internal arrangement of atoms or molecules exhibits a repetitive pattern.
A

Crystal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

-the amount of material present in an object.

A

Mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • the amount of space occupied by an object.
A

Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

-a means of finding the volume of a solid by submerging it into water. The volume of the solid is equal to the amount of water it displaces.

A

Water Displacement Method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • kidney-shaped.
A

Reniform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • shiny and radiant
A

Splendent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of a mineral?
a. It is inorganic.
b. It is solid at room temperature.
c. It has definite chemical composition.
d. a, b and c

A

a. It is inorganic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which property can be used to identify a mineral?
I. color II. streak III. luster IV. hardness
a. a. I, II and IIIonly
b. II, III and IV
c. I, III and IV
d. all of them

A

b. II, III and IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What mineral is the hardest according to Mohs Scale?
a. talc
b. quartz
c. calcite
d. diamond

A

d. diamond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A mineral is harder than glass but softer than steel. What mineral is being referred
to?
a. talc
b. topaz
c. gypsum
d. feldspar

A

d. feldspar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which property is NOT so reliable in identifying a mineral?
a. color
b. streak
c. density
d. specific gravity

A

a. color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • least useful property in identifying minerals
  • can be easily altered, highly variable by impurities
A

Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • the color of mineral in its powder form
  • ‘streak test’
A

Streak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • how the minerals’ surface reflects light
    Metallic: shiny, generally opaque
    Non-Metallic: dull & greasy, glass like
A

Luster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • the ability of a mineral to resist being scratched
  • ‘scratch test’
  • Moh’s Hardness Scale
A

Hardness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mohs Scale Created By

A

Friedrich Mohs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

-mineral breaks unevenly or irregularly

A

Fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

-tendency of minerals to break evenly

A

Cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

__________- The quality of the development of crystal faces present:
Euhedral: well-developed crystals with most crystal faces shown.
Subhedral: partially-developed crystals with some crystal faces shown.
Anhedral: irregularly-formed minerals with no crystal faces shown.

A

Crystal Form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • measure of density of a mineral
  • ratio of the density of the mineral to the density of water (g/cm^3)
  • d= m/v
A

Specific Gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • some minerals emit a distinctive color under ultraviolet light (e.g the violet glow of fluorite, the green glow of willemite, or the pink glow of manganese-bearing calcite). Fluorescence is caused by small traces of impurity elements (called activators) in the mineral’s crystal lattice.
A

Fluorescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • minerals that contain radioactive elements may show the property of radioactivity
A

Radioactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Some minerals can be strongly attracted (ferromagnetic), slightly attracted (paramagnetic) or repelled (diamagnetic) by a magnet. Magnetite shows the property of magnetism, it is a natural magnet.
A

Magnetism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

images look double when they are viewed

A

Optical Properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

some minerals react when a drop of acid is placed on it. It fizzes and bubbles

A

Chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

hallite has a salty taste

A

Taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • classified by the element and compound found in minerals
A

Classification of Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • minerals that contain compounds of oxygen and silicone
  • silicate minerals make up more than 90% of Earth’s crust
  • most silicate minerals also contain elements other than silicone and oxygen such as aluminum, magnesium, or iron
A

Silicate Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

with iron and/or magnesium

A

Ferromagnesian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

without iron and/ or magnesium

A

Non-ferromagnesian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • minerals that do not contain compounds of oxygen and silicone
A

Non-Silicate Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • native element that are composed of a single element
  • e.g. gold, silver, copper, iron, platinum
A

Native Element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • consist of halogen elements, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine forming strong ionic bonds with alkali and alkali earth elements sodium, calcium, potassium
A

Halides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • carbon and oxygen
  • reacts when exposed to hydrochloric acid and if it fizzes it contains carbonate
  • e.g. calcium carbonate, calcite, dolomite
A

Carbonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • one or more metal cations bonded to oxygen or hydroxyl anions
A

Oxides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • sulfur and oxygen
  • includes SO4 combined with alkali earth metals
A

Sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
  • one or more metal cations combined with sulfur
A

Sulfide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
  • minerals that contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO3−4) anion
A

Phosphate

41
Q

Copper- electrical wiring

Gold, Diamond, Silver, and Platinum- for jewelry

Talc- cosmetics and cat litter

Quartz- to make glass

Graphite- pencil lead

Halide- table salt

Galena- batteries

Cinnabar- mercury

Gypsum- plaster, cement

A

Common Uses of Minerals

42
Q
  • natural occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter
  • classified by how they are formed, composition and texture
  • rock changes over time through the rock cycle
A

ROCKS

43
Q
  • rocks that are formed by the solidification of lava
  • external- outer surface
  • fast rate of cooling/crystallization due to huge temperature difference
A

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

44
Q
  • rocks that are formed from solidification of molten rock material (magma and lava)
A

Igneous Rocks

45
Q
  • formed from the cooling and solidification of magma
  • slow
  • internal
A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

46
Q
  • slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture
A

Phaneritic

47
Q

-mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix

A

Porphyritic

48
Q
  • When lava is extruded onto the surface, or intruded into shallow fissures near the surface and cools, the resulting igneous rock is called extrusive or volcanic. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with our naked eye
A

Aphanitic

49
Q
  • the gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava (air bubbles)
A

Vesicular

50
Q

Felsic- also called granitic; >65% silica, generally light colored

Intermediate- also called andesitic; 55-65% silica, generally medium colored

Mafic- also called basaltic; 45-55% silica, generally dark colored

Ultramafic- <45% silica, generally very dark colored, composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene which are major constituents of the upper mantle

A

Classification of Igneous Rocks (Composition)

51
Q
  • formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organism that accumulate on the Earth’s surface
A

Sedimentary Rocks

52
Q
  • pre-existing rocks, further classified based on dominant grain size (fine, medium, coarse-grained)
A

Clastic

53
Q
  • composed of minerals that have precipitated from water or have been formed through biological processes. halite (salt) and gypsum deposits by chemical precipitation as concentration of solids increases due to water loss by evaporation.
  • organic: solution
  • chemical: remains of plants and animals.
A

Non-Clastic

54
Q
  • rocks that undergo a change or through the process of metamorphism.
A

Metamorphic Rocks

55
Q

Contact Metamorphism
Main factor: heat
Non-Foliated

Regional Metamorphism
Main factor: pressure
Foliated

A

Types of Metamorphism

56
Q
  • concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest
A

Mineral Occurrence

57
Q
  • mineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditions
A

Mineral Deposit

58
Q
  • mineral deposit that has been tested and known to be economically profitable to mine
A

Ore Deposit

59
Q

minerals with economic value

A

Ore Minerals

60
Q
  • minerals which do not have economic value
A

Gangue Minerals

61
Q

Interest in the mineral
Size of the deposit
Mineral concentration
Mineral depth below the surface
Market value

A

Factors that determine if a mineral is of economic value:

62
Q

Magmatic mineral deposits
Hydrothermal mineral deposits
Sedimentary mineral deposits
Placer mineral deposits
Metamorphic deposits

A

Mineral deposits can be classified on the basis of the mechanism responsible for concentrating the valuable substance

63
Q
  • formed during crystallization of a magma
  • host rock can range from ultramafic to felsic
A

Magmatic Ore Deposits

64
Q

Gravitational settling- as minerals crystallize from a magma body, heavy minerals may sink to the bottom of the magma chamber and others may form on the sides of the chamber

Differentiation- process by which a homogenous body of magma, because of differentiation, evolves into a compositionally varied suite of rocks. This process is driven by the cooling and crystallization of magma,
where minerals form at different forms
Crystal Fractionation
Partial Melting
Magma mixing
Assimilation

Immiscible separations- is a physical separation of a portion of a magma, immiscible melts from irregular shaped segregations or may be injected as a dike into previously crystallized material

A

3 primary means of concentrating minerals

65
Q
  • produced when groundwater circulates down to depths and heats up, either by coming near a hot igneous body or circulating to great depths which naturally heat the water.
  • as the hot water moves into cooler areas of the crust, the dissolved minerals are precipitated and deposited from hot water solution
  • if cooling takes place rapidly in open fractures or upon reaching cool surface, then precipitation will take place over a limited area, resulting in a higher concentration of minerals than was originally present in the rocks.
    process: ground water contacts igneous rock → mineral residue dissolves w/water → the mineral-rich water travel long distances from their heat source, carrying the dissolved minerals with them → minerals precipitate and crystallize → ore forms
A

Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits

66
Q
  • Formed when heavy metals are mechanically concentrated by flowing surface waters depositing high density minerals either in streams or along coastlines.
  • occurs between ripple marks, behind rock bars, on the inside of the meandering streams, and in holes on the bottom of a stream
A

placer deposits

67
Q
  • results of chemical weathering in warm tropical climates with high rainfall and temperature

process: minerals oxidize and breakdown → water transports downwards → less oxygen leads to precipitation → secondary ore which has higher value forms

A

secondary enrichment (sedimentation)

68
Q
  • produced by contact metamorphism
A

metamorphic deposits

69
Q

Refers to a set of processes in which useful resources are withdrawn from a stock of any non-renewable resource

A

Mining

70
Q

Utilized to extract ore minerals that are close to earth’s surface

Types:
Open pit mining
Quarrying
Placer mining
Strip mining

A

Surface mining

71
Q

Utilized to extract ore minerals from the ore body that is deep under the earth’s surface

A

Underground mining

72
Q

looking for the ore body

A

Prospecting or exploration

73
Q

Extracting a part of the ore to determine the resulting ore, its quality, and the amount of ore minerals

A

Drilling

74
Q
  • Determining the ore’s size, shape, and grade distribution throughout the deposit to apply appropriate mining methods, blast and dig pattern designs, safety precautions, and efficiency and processing methods.
A

Modeling

75
Q
  • Considering on the social and environmental aspects and finding ways of mitigating any consequence of the mining
    operation, with the purpose of bringing the area back as close to its original state as possible.
A

Identifying and assessing the potential impacts

76
Q
  • Creating the appropriate mine and operational design, and proceeding with the
    construction once all the necessary permits are acquired from the government and local
    communities.
A

Designing and constructing the mine

77
Q

Separation of high grade ores from the rest of the deposit.

A

Ore extraction

78
Q

Crushing and concentration of ores; waste materials are released.

A

Milling

79
Q

The crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier/denser minerals sink thus are separated from the lighter minerals.

A

Heavy media separation

80
Q
  • separated from the waste materials using a powerful magnet.
A

Magnetic separation

81
Q
  • powdered ore is placed into an agitated and frothy slurry where some minerals and metals based on physical and chemical properties may either sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top
A

Flotation

82
Q
  • crushed rock is placed on a “leach pile” where cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped on top of the pile. As the leach solution percolates down through the rocks, the gold is dissolved into the solution.
A

Cyanide heap leaching

83
Q

Closure of the depleted mine; the mine site is cleaned up and reclaimed or rehabilitated for other purposes.

A

Mine site decommissioning

84
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mineral?
a. silicate
b. table salt
c. table sugar
d. snow flakes

A

c. table sugar

85
Q

What characteristics must a substance possess to be considered a mineral?
I. It must be inorganic.
III. It must be naturally found in nature.
II. It must be hard and compact.
IV. It must be solid at room temperature.

a. I, II and III only
b. II, III and IV only
c. I, III and IV only
d. I, II and IV only

A

c. I, III and IV only

86
Q

What is the basis in classifying minerals?
a. color
b. streak
c. specific gravity
d. chemical composition

A

d. chemical composition

87
Q

A mineral is harder than glass but softer than steel. What must it be?
a. talc
b. quartz
c. calcite
d. feldspar

A

d. feldspar

88
Q

A synthetic diamond is prepared in a laboratory by placing carbon under high
pressure. Is this laboratory-made diamond a mineral?
a. Yes, because it is still made up of inorganic substance.
b. Yes, because it still has a definite chemical composition.
c. No, because it is made up of carbon atoms.
d. No, because it is not made through a natural process.

A

d. No, because it is not made through a natural process.

89
Q

Why is color not a very useful property in mineral identification?
a. because some minerals are clear or colorless
b. because each mineral has its own distinct color
c. because same minerals can have different colors
d. because the color of a mineral can be different from its streak

A

c. because same minerals can have different colors

90
Q

What property does the Mohs Scale measure?
a. luster
b. density
c. hardness
d. specific gravit

A

c. hardness

91
Q

Which of the following is true about all silicate minerals?
a. They have high density and perfect cleavage.
b. They are colorless, transparent and prismatic.
c. They are made up of the two main elements silicon and oxygen.
d. a, b and c

A

c. They are made up of the two main elements silicon and oxygen.

92
Q

You found a clear mineral embedded in a rock. It cannot be scratched by your
fingernail but can be scratched by a knife. What mineral is it?
a. quartz
b. calcite
c. gypsum
d. diamond

A

b. calcite

93
Q

Which of the following is the most common rock-forming mineral type?
a. quartz
b. calcite
c. alkali feldspar
d. plagioclase feldspar

A

d. plagioclase feldspar

94
Q

When rocks are affected by weathering and erosion, they change into which of
the following?
A. Lava
B. Magma
C. Sediment
D. Igneous rock

A

C. Sediment

95
Q

What type of rock is formed when sediment is compacted and cemented?
A. Igneous rock
B. Sedimentary rock
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Magma

A

B. Sedimentary rock

96
Q

What is formed when heat and pressure are applied to a sedimentary rock?
A. Igneous rock
B. Sedimentary rock
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Magma

A

C. Metamorphic rock

97
Q

When melting of a metamorphic rock occurs, it changes into which of the
following?
A. Lava
B. Magma
C. Sediment
D. Igneous rock

A

B. Magma

98
Q

What kind of rock is formed when magma hardens?
A. Lava
B. Magma
C. Sediment
D. Igneous rock

A

D. Igneous rock

99
Q

What process is used to form sedimentary rocks?
a. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock.
b. Bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock from pressure.
c. Extreme heat and pressure from inside the Earth turn rocks into new
rocks.
d. Magma trapped under the Earth’s surface cools and solidifies.

A

b. Bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock from pressure.

1ST SEM: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions