SUMMATIVE TEST 1 Flashcards
What cells in the human body are enucleate?
RBCs
The perinuclear cisterna is surrounded by
DNA synthesis
two membranes
What is the main role of CHROMATIIN?
RNA synthesis
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous
with what nuclear structure?
Outer nuclear membrane
What phase of the cell cycle
does the NUCLEOLUS DISAPPEAR?
Outer nuclear membrane
The cell site for secretory, lysosomal, &
membrane proteins is the
RER
The cell site for detoxification, lipid synthesis,
& muscle relaxation and contraction is the
SER
Which two cell types are characterized by
abundance of RER?
Plasma cells and
Goblet cells
Which cell type is characterized by
abundance of SER?
Hepatocytes
The double membrane of the mitochondrion
divides the said organelle into the
intermembrane compartment and the
Matrix
Which substances are NOT found in the
mitochondria?
Chromosomes
What is the most important role of the
mitochondria
ATP synthesis
Which task is NOT performed by the Golgi
apparatus?
Elongation & oxidation of fatty acids
Which task is performed by the trans-Golgi
network
Distribution of proteins to their final
destination
What organelle is the cis-Golgi network
associated with?
RER
What organelle is responsible for the
degradation of endocytosed materials?
Lysosome
Which organellar pair is responsible for the
intracellular degradation pathway?
Golgi and lysososme
The following are functions of the
cytoskeleton EXCEPT
Promote cell division and growth
How are proteins transferred to the Golgi
body?
via vesicles
Email address
Full Name (Family Name, Given Name/s, Middle Initial)
Section (A, B or C) & Batch No. (1, 2, 3 and so
on) & Table No. (1, 2, 3 and so on)
The characteristic of organisms that results
from somatic cells having higher rate of
synthesis than catabolism is
Growth
The PAS (Periodic acid Schiff) stain is used for the histological staining of the following EXCEPT
Glycerol
The fractionated organelles after
homogenization of cells spun at 10,000 g for
15 minutes using an ultracentrifuge include
Mitochondria & lysosomes
Xenobiotics include the following elements EXCEPT
Co
The luminal space of which organelle is
continuous with the outer membrane of the
nuclear envelope?
Rough ER
The substance that is quantitated in body
fluids using the pH electrode is the
H30+ (Hydronium ion)
The ubiquitous lysosomal enzyme cathepsin
digest which type of biomolecules?
Proteins
Acidophilic cell portions stain with acidic
dyes because of their high protein content.
These include all of the following EXCEPT
Ribosomal RNA
Which of the following structural atoms is a
nonmetal?
Iodine
The number of carbon atoms in
glyceraldehyde is
Three
Which of the following compounds DOES
NOT technically have a carbonyl group?
Ether
Which compound has no oxygen in its
chemical structure?
Methylamine
Which among the following compounds that
can pass through membranes has the LEAST
molecular weight?
Ammonia
A DERIVATIVE OF ORGANIC ACIDS includes
one of the following:
Amide
The functional groups present in a
polypeptide may include the following
EXCEPT
Ether
Proteases and other protein-cleaving
enzymes digest by cleaving
Peptide bonds
One of the following chemical bonds is a
noncovalent or weak bond. Which one is it?
Hydrogen
One of the following chemical bonds is a
high-energy bond. Which one is it?
Phosphoric ester
The sum total of all chemical processes in an
organism is termed
Metabolism
Which characteristic can be exhibited by
nonliving systems?
External increase in size
Nucleic acids can be found in the following
cell parts EXCEPT
Rough ER
Prokaryotes are characterized by the
following EXCEPT
Absence of DNA & RNA
Which compounds have ester bonds?
Chromosomal satellite
. The organelle with the most variable
composition is the
Vacuole
Which human organelle has DNA material?
Mitochondrion
Which functional group is NOT found in the
biomolecule below?
Amide
. Which macromolecule is made up of the
building block whose chemical structure is
shown below?
DNA
A solution with a pH of > 7.0 is said to be
Basic
A buffer is a system that act to
Be carriers of ions
Zwitterions are always characterized by the
following EXCEPT
Presence of carboxyl & amino groups
The biomolecules that are described as
amphipathic all belong to
Lipids
The ability of organisms to respond to
environmental stimuli is termed
Irritability
The process by which organisms produce
proteins immediately and develop new
structures in response to changes in the
environment in order to survive is
Adaptation
The peptide bond of proteins is formed
between which functional groups of adjacent
amino acids?
Carboxyl & amino
What organelles is synthesized by the
nucleolar organizing region (NOR)?
Ribosomes
Which compounds have no ability to form
ester linkage with other molecules?
Cystine
The organelle where carbohydrate-bearing
conjugated compounds are produced is the
Golgi body
Which organelle DO NOT have DNA material?
Golgi apparatus
What micronutrient is highly associated with
mediation of insulin function in the body?
Chromium
The collective term microsomes include all
of the structures usually derived from what
Rough ER
Freeze fracture etching is used to study
which cell organelle?
Cell membrane
Which microscopic method is ideal for the
study of stained cellular structures and
chemical components?
Brightfield
Which organelle is associated with ergastic
substances, V-type ATPase, and tonoplast?
Vacuole
The cytochrome P-450 (CYP 450) enzyme
complex is found in the
SER
The tetravalent atoms include the following
elements EXCEPT
Phosphorus
The source of vasodilating nitric oxide (NO)
gas in the body is the amino acid
Arginine
Xenobiotics include the following substances
EXCEPT
Ethanol
. The covalent bond found in proteins is the
Amide bond
Which of the following is NOT a high-energy
compound?
Dihydrogen phosphate ion
The tetravalent atom that serves as the
skeletal backbone of organic molecules in
the body is the
Carbon
Radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced when hydrocarbon compounds
react with
Oxidants
The source of vasodilating nitric oxide (NO)
gas in the body is the
Amino acid
Xenobiotics include the following elements
EXCEPT
Chromium
Which ion can be normally derived from the
gastric contents?
Chloride
The substance that is quantitated in blood
using the pH electrode is highly concentrated
in the organelle
Mitochondrion
The covalent bond found in proteins is
Disulfide bond
Which of the following structural atoms is a
nonmetal?
Sulfur
The number of carbon atoms in ethyl alcohol
2
Which functional group is an analog of
hydroxyl?
Sulfhydry
Which compound has NO NITROGEN in its
chemical structure?
Amylmethyl ketone
Which among the following compounds that
can pass through membranes has the
HIGHEST molecular weight?
Urea
Derivatives of organic acids include the
following:
Ether
The glycosidic bond produced between two
monomeric sugars in a disaccharide is an
Ether bond
One of the following chemical bonds is a
noncovalent or weak bond. Which one is it?
Dipole-Dipole
Hydration and electrical balance in-and-out
of the cells are roles of the following
electrolytes EXCEPT
Calcium
Which functional groups are found in the
biomolecule below?
✓ Carboxyl & Double bond
What class of compound does the molecule below belong to?
Alcohol
How many functional groups are there in the
structure shown below?
Two
What description fits this molecule below?
Amphipathic
Triple ester
What covalent bond is found in the molecule
below?
Disulfide
Which conjugated compound comprise the lipid profile of a patient? *
Lipoprotein
Chain elongation of fatty acids occurring in mammalian liver takes place in which of the following subcellular functions? (1) Nuclear; (2) Mitochondrial; (3) Microsomal; and (4) Supernatants of 100,000 x g (60 minutes) *
2 and 4 only
A biological membrane is functional because of its:
protein moiety
Extracellular fluids in the body usually have high levels of the following inorganic ions EXCEPT
Proteinate
Sphingolipids are an important constituent of what type of tissue?
brain tissues
Which 4 of the following CELL PART-ENZYME pairs are correct matches of organelle and its constituent enzyme?
Nucleus-DNA ligase ; Cell membrane-brush border lactase ; SER-Cytochrome P450 reductase ; Cell wall - protein synthase
Examples such as chylomicrons, HDL & VLDL all are classed as what type of conjugated compound?
Lipoprotein
Lactic dehydrogenase, Glucose oxidase & Biliverdin reductase all belong to which Enzyme Class?
Class 1
A serum sample drawn in the emergency room from a 42-year-old man yielded the following laboratory results: CK is 385 Units. (Normal = 15-160); AST is 73 Units. (Normal = 0-48); and CK-MB is 106 Units.(Normal = 2-12). Which of the following conditions might account for these values?
Myocardial infarction
Biologic membranes are (1) Composed of protein and lipid bilayers; (2) Void of enzymatic activity; (3) Capable of transporting sodium ions against a chemical gradient; and (4) Primary producers of intracellular energy. The correct phrase/s is/are:
transfer of hydroxyl - cyanocobalamin
Water may be added to a carbon-carbon double bond without breaking the bond in which of the following enzymes?
hydrolase
Which 3 methods are ideal for the study of stained cellular structures and chemical components?
Brightfield microscopy
Histochemical methods
Cytochemical studies
Which of the following enzyme pairs CANNOT be used in the diagnosis of liver disorders?
ACP & ALS
Examples like aggrecan, perlecan and testican belong to which conjugated compound?
Proteoglycan
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, Hexokinase & AST all belong to which Enzyme Class?
• Class 2
Which conjugated compound is heavily glycosylated protein core with glycosaminoglycans (GAG)?
• Proteoglycan
Which conjugated compound has the alcohol sphingosine as backbone material?
• Glycolipid
In competitive inhibition of an enzyme reaction the
Inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the same site as the substrate
What characteristic of the biologic membranes that drives them to form the membrane bilayers?
presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
Which enzyme pair has clinical utility for AMI (acute myocardial infarction) detection?
• LDH & AST
What allows compartmentalization in a cell?
• lipid membranes
The Km value & Vmax in uncompetitive inhibition are
• both decreased
Which of the following is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose- 1, 6-diphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
• Aldolase
The first protein marker of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the muscle protein
• myoglobin
Given the following results: Alkaline phosphatase that is slightly increased; Alanine Aminotransferase that is Slightly increased; Aspartate aminotransferase that is slightly increased; and Gamma – glutamyl transferase that is slightly increased. This is most consistent with
• Chronic hepatitis
Which conjugated compound has NO repeating glycan units attached to its protein moiety?
- Glycoprotein
- Lipoprotein
- Nucleoprotein
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the conversion of starch to glucose and maltose?
• Amylase (AMS)
Which of the following enzymes are used in the diagnosis of pancreatitis?
• Amylase (AMS) and lipase (LPS)
Which among the following conjugated compounds are found in connective tissues to strengthen them ?
• Proteoglycan
The official name of an enzyme is accompanied by an EC followed by 4 numbers separated by dots. What does EC stand for?
• Enzyme Commission
Another name for phosphatidylcholine is
• lecithin
. A physician suspects his patient has pancreatitis. Which test(s) would be most indicative of this disease?
• LPS & AMS
Fluidity of the membranes are crucial to the following processes EXCEPT • exocytosis • endocytosis • membrane trafficking • membrane biogenesis
• none of these
The Nicholson-Singer fluid mosaic model of biological membranes incorporates which of the following features? (1) Membrane proteins are layered at aqueous interfaces; (2) Most of the membrane lipids are in a bilayer form; (3) Membrane lipids are not free to diffuse laterally; and (4) Membrane proteins may be free to diffuse laterally.
• 2 and 4 only
In proteins, enzymes which are regarded as globular proteins have
• tertiary structure
Given that the standard free-energy change (ΔGo’) for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol and that for the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate is +3.3 kcal/mol, what is the ΔGo for the phosphorylation of glucose? Glucose + ATP —-> Glucose-6-PO4 + ADP
• -7.3 kcal/mol
The thin section of isolated ghost cells of RBC may be said to: (1) Be composed of about 50% protein and 50% lipid; (2) Contain membrane lipids composed of about 50% cholesterol; (3) Contain glycoproteins; and (4) Contain nuclear membrane vesicles
• 1,2 and 3
Michaelis & Menten did not make which of the following assumptions concerning analyses of enzyme action? (S = substrate; P = product; E = enzyme)
• Plotting the reciprocal of [V] and [S] will produce an ideal linear curve
In the study of enzymes, a sigmoidal plot of substrate concentration ([S]) versus reaction velocity (V) may indicate
• Michaelis-Menten kinetics
The outer leaflet of the membranes is predominated by what phospholipid?
• phosphatidylcholine
The sugar constituents of glycoproteins and glycolipids are usually found on which side of the membranes?
• extracellular side
Which conjugated compound makes up mainly the membrane lipids in the brain?
• Glycolipid
The most abundant organic molecules in a biologic membrane are the:
• phospholipids
Which statement about most enzymes is incorrect
• They are not affected by changes in temperature
Which of the following molecules CANNOT pass through membranes easily?
• sodium ions
The presence increased CK-MB activity on a CK electrophoresis pattern is most likely found in a patient suffering from
• Myocardial infarction
Enzymes found in lysosomes include which of the following? (1) Ribonuclease; (2) Β- galactosidase; (3) Acid phosphatase; and (4) Cathepsins
• 1,2,3 and 4
The diagrammatic structure to the right most (figure 2) clearly represents the configuration model that membrane lipids are expected to take after which process in the body:
• Bile emulsification of fats
A protein structure found in mitotic spindles, eukaryotic flagella, and nerve axons is the
• Microtubules
What 2 structures do phospholipids spontaneously form when placed in water?
micelles ;
bilayer
Examples such as globosides, sulfatides & glucocerebrosides constitute which class of conjugated compound?
• Glycolipid
A demonstrable inducer is ABSENT in which one of the following types of enzymes?
• constitutive enzymes
Which of the following materials & structures where lecithin is NOT a component thereof?
• stored oil droplets of adipocytes
The Km value & Vmax in competitive inhibition are
• increased and unchanged respectively
Which conjugated compound has histone-containing and highly coiled DNA fraction?
• Nucleoprotein
Increased total lactic dehydrogenase (LD) activity, confirmed to fraction 1 and 2 , is most likely to be associated with:
• Acute myocardial infarction
The site of intracellular protein synthesis is the: (1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum; (2) Golgi apparatuses;(3) Polysomes; and (4) Nucleus
• 1 and 3 only
Which fraction is expected to be elevated immediately after a heavy meal
• ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)
Is an enzyme in a person’s blood that helps break down proteins.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Cholesterol esterase, ALP & 5’-Nucleotidase all belong to which Enzyme Class?
• Class 3
Intracellular fluids are usually rich in the following ions EXCEPT:
• Calcium
Which of the following enzymes or complex enzyme system is found localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
• Succinate dehydrogenases
A typical biologic membrane would be most likely to have which of the following per cent weight compositions of Lipid - Protein - Carbohydrate - RNA?
• 35% 55% 5% 0%
Which conjugated compound makes up the phosphoproteins found in viral particles?
• Nucleoprotein
The most sensitive enzymatic indicator for liver damage from ethanol intake leading to cirrhosis is
• gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Enzymes as classic catalysts accomplish which of the following energy effects?
• lower the energy of activation
A purely competitive enzyme inhibitor has which of the following kinetic effects?
• increases Km without affecting Vmax
Synthesis of an enzyme promoted by the substrate on which it acts, is characterized by the term
• induction
A coenzyme or a metal ion that is very tightly or covalently bound to the enzyme is called a/an
• prosthetic group
Km and Vmax can be determined from the Lineweaver-Burk plot of the Michaelis-Menten equation shown below. When V is the reaction rate at substrate concentration S, the x-axis experimental data is expressed as
• 1/S
Examples such as the O-linked or N-linked glycosides are classified as which type of conjugated compound?
• Glycosaminoglycans
The inner leaflet of membranes are predominantly made of
• phosphatidylethanolamine & phosphatidylserine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are both elevated in which of the following disease?
• viral hepatitis
Which two conditions can “physiologically” elevate serum alkaline phosphatase?
pubertal growth, third trimester of pregnancy
Which conjugated compound is found in membranes as antigenic determinants?
• Glycolipid
Which of the following chemical determinations may be of help in establishing the presence of seminal fluid?
• Acid phosphatase
. Macroenzymes are occasionally seen as persistent aberrant bands on electrophoresis with larger molecular weight than their corresponding normal form. They generally represent
• Enzymes bound to immunoglobulins.
. Increased total lactic dehydrogenase (LD) activity, confirmed to fraction 4 and 5 , is most likely to be associated with
• Acute viral hepatitis
Which statement about the active site is incorrect?
• It is composed of linearly arranged amino acid chain.
. Most of the following membranes in the body have proteins exceeding lipid content EXCEPT:
• Myelin membrane
A coenzyme could be any of the following EXCEPT
• inorganic ion
what organelles are phospholipids synthesized
• ER
. What 2 factors influence the FLUIDITY of the membranes?
- cholesterol content of membranes ;
* unsaturated fatty acid content of the membranes
Given the following results: Alkaline phosphatase that is marked increased; Alanine Aminotransferase that is Slightly increased; Aspartate aminotransferase that is slightly increased; and Gamma – glutamyl transferase that is marked increased. This is most consistent with:
• Obstructive jaundice
Which of the following sets of results would be consistent with macroamylasemia?
• Increased serum amylase and normal urine amylase values
Which anticoagulant cannot be used for plasma collection for enzyme assays because it is regarded as an enzyme poison?
• fluoride
Regulatory chemicals such as FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) & LH (luteinizing hormone) all belong to which conjugated compound grouping?
• Glycoprotein
The Km value & Vmax in noncompetitive inhibition are
• unchanged and decreased respectively
Which among the following conjugated compounds have characteristic micellar structure with polar coat and lipid core
• Lipoprotein
