SUMMATIVE TEST 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What cells in the human body are enucleate?
A
RBCs
2
Q
The perinuclear cisterna is surrounded by
DNA synthesis
A
two membranes
3
Q
What is the main role of CHROMATIIN?
A
RNA synthesis
4
Q
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous
with what nuclear structure?
A
Outer nuclear membrane
5
Q
What phase of the cell cycle
does the NUCLEOLUS DISAPPEAR?
A
Outer nuclear membrane
6
Q
The cell site for secretory, lysosomal, &
membrane proteins is the
A
RER
7
Q
The cell site for detoxification, lipid synthesis,
& muscle relaxation and contraction is the
A
SER
8
Q
Which two cell types are characterized by
abundance of RER?
A
Plasma cells and
Goblet cells
9
Q
Which cell type is characterized by
abundance of SER?
A
Hepatocytes
10
Q
The double membrane of the mitochondrion
divides the said organelle into the
intermembrane compartment and the
A
Matrix
11
Q
Which substances are NOT found in the
mitochondria?
A
Chromosomes
12
Q
What is the most important role of the
mitochondria
A
ATP synthesis
13
Q
Which task is NOT performed by the Golgi
apparatus?
A
Elongation & oxidation of fatty acids
14
Q
Which task is performed by the trans-Golgi
network
A
Distribution of proteins to their final
destination
15
Q
What organelle is the cis-Golgi network
associated with?
A
RER
16
Q
What organelle is responsible for the
degradation of endocytosed materials?
A
Lysosome
17
Q
Which organellar pair is responsible for the
intracellular degradation pathway?
A
Golgi and lysososme
18
Q
The following are functions of the
cytoskeleton EXCEPT
A
Promote cell division and growth
19
Q
How are proteins transferred to the Golgi
body?
A
via vesicles
20
Q
Email address
A
21
Q
Full Name (Family Name, Given Name/s, Middle Initial)
A
22
Q
Section (A, B or C) & Batch No. (1, 2, 3 and so
on) & Table No. (1, 2, 3 and so on)
A
23
Q
The characteristic of organisms that results
from somatic cells having higher rate of
synthesis than catabolism is
A
Growth
24
Q
The PAS (Periodic acid Schiff) stain is used for the histological staining of the following EXCEPT
A
Glycerol
25
The fractionated organelles after
homogenization of cells spun at 10,000 g for
15 minutes using an ultracentrifuge include
Mitochondria & lysosomes
26
Xenobiotics include the following elements EXCEPT
Co
27
The luminal space of which organelle is
continuous with the outer membrane of the
nuclear envelope?
Rough ER
28
The substance that is quantitated in body
| fluids using the pH electrode is the
H30+ (Hydronium ion)
29
The ubiquitous lysosomal enzyme cathepsin
| digest which type of biomolecules?
Proteins
30
Acidophilic cell portions stain with acidic
dyes because of their high protein content.
These include all of the following EXCEPT
Ribosomal RNA
31
Which of the following structural atoms is a
| nonmetal?
Iodine
32
The number of carbon atoms in
| glyceraldehyde is
Three
33
Which of the following compounds DOES
| NOT technically have a carbonyl group?
Ether
34
Which compound has no oxygen in its
| chemical structure?
Methylamine
35
Which among the following compounds that
can pass through membranes has the LEAST
molecular weight?
Ammonia
36
A DERIVATIVE OF ORGANIC ACIDS includes
| one of the following:
Amide
37
The functional groups present in a
polypeptide may include the following
EXCEPT
Ether
38
Proteases and other protein-cleaving
| enzymes digest by cleaving
Peptide bonds
39
One of the following chemical bonds is a
| noncovalent or weak bond. Which one is it?
Hydrogen
40
One of the following chemical bonds is a
| high-energy bond. Which one is it?
Phosphoric ester
41
The sum total of all chemical processes in an
| organism is termed
Metabolism
42
Which characteristic can be exhibited by
| nonliving systems?
External increase in size
43
Nucleic acids can be found in the following
| cell parts EXCEPT
Rough ER
44
Prokaryotes are characterized by the
| following EXCEPT
Absence of DNA & RNA
45
Which compounds have ester bonds?
Chromosomal satellite
46
. The organelle with the most variable
| composition is the
Vacuole
47
Which human organelle has DNA material?
Mitochondrion
48
Which functional group is NOT found in the
| biomolecule below?
Amide
49
. Which macromolecule is made up of the
building block whose chemical structure is
shown below?
DNA
50
A solution with a pH of > 7.0 is said to be
Basic
51
A buffer is a system that act to
Be carriers of ions
52
Zwitterions are always characterized by the
| following EXCEPT
Presence of carboxyl & amino groups
53
The biomolecules that are described as
| amphipathic all belong to
Lipids
54
The ability of organisms to respond to
| environmental stimuli is termed
Irritability
55
The process by which organisms produce
proteins immediately and develop new
structures in response to changes in the
environment in order to survive is
Adaptation
56
The peptide bond of proteins is formed
between which functional groups of adjacent
amino acids?
Carboxyl & amino
57
What organelles is synthesized by the
| nucleolar organizing region (NOR)?
Ribosomes
58
Which compounds have no ability to form
| ester linkage with other molecules?
Cystine
59
The organelle where carbohydrate-bearing
| conjugated compounds are produced is the
Golgi body
60
Which organelle DO NOT have DNA material?
Golgi apparatus
61
What micronutrient is highly associated with
| mediation of insulin function in the body?
Chromium
62
The collective term microsomes include all
| of the structures usually derived from what
Rough ER
63
Freeze fracture etching is used to study
| which cell organelle?
Cell membrane
64
Which microscopic method is ideal for the
study of stained cellular structures and
chemical components?
Brightfield
65
Which organelle is associated with ergastic
| substances, V-type ATPase, and tonoplast?
Vacuole
66
The cytochrome P-450 (CYP 450) enzyme
| complex is found in the
SER
67
The tetravalent atoms include the following
| elements EXCEPT
Phosphorus
68
The source of vasodilating nitric oxide (NO)
| gas in the body is the amino acid
Arginine
69
Xenobiotics include the following substances
| EXCEPT
Ethanol
70
. The covalent bond found in proteins is the
Amide bond
71
Which of the following is NOT a high-energy
| compound?
Dihydrogen phosphate ion
72
The tetravalent atom that serves as the
skeletal backbone of organic molecules in
the body is the
Carbon
73
Radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced when hydrocarbon compounds
react with
Oxidants
74
The source of vasodilating nitric oxide (NO)
| gas in the body is the
Amino acid
75
Xenobiotics include the following elements
| EXCEPT
Chromium
76
Which ion can be normally derived from the
| gastric contents?
Chloride
77
The substance that is quantitated in blood
using the pH electrode is highly concentrated
in the organelle
Mitochondrion
78
The covalent bond found in proteins is
Disulfide bond
79
Which of the following structural atoms is a
| nonmetal?
Sulfur
80
The number of carbon atoms in ethyl alcohol
2
81
Which functional group is an analog of
| hydroxyl?
Sulfhydry
82
Which compound has NO NITROGEN in its
| chemical structure?
Amylmethyl ketone
83
Which among the following compounds that
can pass through membranes has the
HIGHEST molecular weight?
Urea
84
Derivatives of organic acids include the
| following:
Ether
85
The glycosidic bond produced between two
| monomeric sugars in a disaccharide is an
Ether bond
86
One of the following chemical bonds is a
| noncovalent or weak bond. Which one is it?
Dipole-Dipole
87
Hydration and electrical balance in-and-out
of the cells are roles of the following
electrolytes EXCEPT
Calcium
88
Which functional groups are found in the
| biomolecule below?
✓ Carboxyl & Double bond
89
```
What class of compound does the molecule
below belong to?
```
Alcohol
90
How many functional groups are there in the
| structure shown below?
Two
91
What description fits this molecule below?
| Amphipathic
Triple ester
92
What covalent bond is found in the molecule
| below?
Disulfide
93
Which conjugated compound comprise the lipid profile of a patient? *
Lipoprotein
94
Chain elongation of fatty acids occurring in mammalian liver takes place in which of the following subcellular functions? (1) Nuclear; (2) Mitochondrial; (3) Microsomal; and (4) Supernatants of 100,000 x g (60 minutes) *
2 and 4 only
95
A biological membrane is functional because of its:
protein moiety
96
Extracellular fluids in the body usually have high levels of the following inorganic ions EXCEPT
Proteinate
97
Sphingolipids are an important constituent of what type of tissue?
brain tissues
98
Which 4 of the following CELL PART-ENZYME pairs are correct matches of organelle and its constituent enzyme?
Nucleus-DNA ligase ; Cell membrane-brush border lactase ; SER-Cytochrome P450 reductase ; Cell wall - protein synthase
99
Examples such as chylomicrons, HDL & VLDL all are classed as what type of conjugated compound?
Lipoprotein
100
Lactic dehydrogenase, Glucose oxidase & Biliverdin reductase all belong to which Enzyme Class?
Class 1
101
A serum sample drawn in the emergency room from a 42-year-old man yielded the following laboratory results: CK is 385 Units. (Normal = 15-160); AST is 73 Units. (Normal = 0-48); and CK-MB is 106 Units.(Normal = 2-12). Which of the following conditions might account for these values?
Myocardial infarction
102
Biologic membranes are (1) Composed of protein and lipid bilayers; (2) Void of enzymatic activity; (3) Capable of transporting sodium ions against a chemical gradient; and (4) Primary producers of intracellular energy. The correct phrase/s is/are:
transfer of hydroxyl - cyanocobalamin
103
Water may be added to a carbon-carbon double bond without breaking the bond in which of the following enzymes?
hydrolase
104
Which 3 methods are ideal for the study of stained cellular structures and chemical components?
Brightfield microscopy
Histochemical methods
Cytochemical studies
105
Which of the following enzyme pairs CANNOT be used in the diagnosis of liver disorders?
ACP & ALS
106
Examples like aggrecan, perlecan and testican belong to which conjugated compound?
Proteoglycan
107
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, Hexokinase & AST all belong to which Enzyme Class?
• Class 2
108
Which conjugated compound is heavily glycosylated protein core with glycosaminoglycans (GAG)?
• Proteoglycan
109
Which conjugated compound has the alcohol sphingosine as backbone material?
• Glycolipid
110
In competitive inhibition of an enzyme reaction the
Inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the same site as the substrate
111
What characteristic of the biologic membranes that drives them to form the membrane bilayers?
presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
112
Which enzyme pair has clinical utility for AMI (acute myocardial infarction) detection?
• LDH & AST
113
What allows compartmentalization in a cell?
• lipid membranes
114
The Km value & Vmax in uncompetitive inhibition are
• both decreased
115
Which of the following is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose- 1, 6-diphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
• Aldolase
116
The first protein marker of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the muscle protein
• myoglobin
117
Given the following results: Alkaline phosphatase that is slightly increased; Alanine Aminotransferase that is Slightly increased; Aspartate aminotransferase that is slightly increased; and Gamma – glutamyl transferase that is slightly increased. This is most consistent with
• Chronic hepatitis
118
Which conjugated compound has NO repeating glycan units attached to its protein moiety?
* Glycoprotein
* Lipoprotein
* Nucleoprotein
119
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the conversion of starch to glucose and maltose?
• Amylase (AMS)
120
Which of the following enzymes are used in the diagnosis of pancreatitis?
• Amylase (AMS) and lipase (LPS)
121
Which among the following conjugated compounds are found in connective tissues to strengthen them ?
• Proteoglycan
122
The official name of an enzyme is accompanied by an EC followed by 4 numbers separated by dots. What does EC stand for?
• Enzyme Commission
123
Another name for phosphatidylcholine is
• lecithin
124
. A physician suspects his patient has pancreatitis. Which test(s) would be most indicative of this disease?
• LPS & AMS
125
```
Fluidity of the membranes are crucial to the following processes EXCEPT
• exocytosis
• endocytosis
• membrane trafficking
• membrane biogenesis
```
• none of these
126
The Nicholson-Singer fluid mosaic model of biological membranes incorporates which of the following features? (1) Membrane proteins are layered at aqueous interfaces; (2) Most of the membrane lipids are in a bilayer form; (3) Membrane lipids are not free to diffuse laterally; and (4) Membrane proteins may be free to diffuse laterally.
• 2 and 4 only
127
In proteins, enzymes which are regarded as globular proteins have
• tertiary structure
128
Given that the standard free-energy change (ΔGo’) for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol and that for the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate is +3.3 kcal/mol, what is the ΔGo for the phosphorylation of glucose? Glucose + ATP ----> Glucose-6-PO4 + ADP
• -7.3 kcal/mol
129
The thin section of isolated ghost cells of RBC may be said to: (1) Be composed of about 50% protein and 50% lipid; (2) Contain membrane lipids composed of about 50% cholesterol; (3) Contain glycoproteins; and (4) Contain nuclear membrane vesicles
• 1,2 and 3
130
Michaelis & Menten did not make which of the following assumptions concerning analyses of enzyme action? (S = substrate; P = product; E = enzyme)
• Plotting the reciprocal of [V] and [S] will produce an ideal linear curve
131
In the study of enzymes, a sigmoidal plot of substrate concentration ([S]) versus reaction velocity (V) may indicate
• Michaelis-Menten kinetics
132
The outer leaflet of the membranes is predominated by what phospholipid?
• phosphatidylcholine
133
The sugar constituents of glycoproteins and glycolipids are usually found on which side of the membranes?
• extracellular side
134
Which conjugated compound makes up mainly the membrane lipids in the brain?
• Glycolipid
135
The most abundant organic molecules in a biologic membrane are the:
• phospholipids
136
Which statement about most enzymes is incorrect
• They are not affected by changes in temperature
137
Which of the following molecules CANNOT pass through membranes easily?
• sodium ions
138
The presence increased CK-MB activity on a CK electrophoresis pattern is most likely found in a patient suffering from
• Myocardial infarction
139
Enzymes found in lysosomes include which of the following? (1) Ribonuclease; (2) Β- galactosidase; (3) Acid phosphatase; and (4) Cathepsins
• 1,2,3 and 4
140
The diagrammatic structure to the right most (figure 2) clearly represents the configuration model that membrane lipids are expected to take after which process in the body:
• Bile emulsification of fats
141
A protein structure found in mitotic spindles, eukaryotic flagella, and nerve axons is the
• Microtubules
142
What 2 structures do phospholipids spontaneously form when placed in water?
micelles ;
| bilayer
143
Examples such as globosides, sulfatides & glucocerebrosides constitute which class of conjugated compound?
• Glycolipid
144
A demonstrable inducer is ABSENT in which one of the following types of enzymes?
• constitutive enzymes
145
Which of the following materials & structures where lecithin is NOT a component thereof?
• stored oil droplets of adipocytes
146
The Km value & Vmax in competitive inhibition are
• increased and unchanged respectively
147
Which conjugated compound has histone-containing and highly coiled DNA fraction?
• Nucleoprotein
148
Increased total lactic dehydrogenase (LD) activity, confirmed to fraction 1 and 2 , is most likely to be associated with:
• Acute myocardial infarction
149
The site of intracellular protein synthesis is the: (1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum; (2) Golgi apparatuses;(3) Polysomes; and (4) Nucleus
• 1 and 3 only
150
Which fraction is expected to be elevated immediately after a heavy meal
• ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)
151
Is an enzyme in a person's blood that helps break down proteins.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
152
Cholesterol esterase, ALP & 5'-Nucleotidase all belong to which Enzyme Class?
• Class 3
153
Intracellular fluids are usually rich in the following ions EXCEPT:
• Calcium
154
Which of the following enzymes or complex enzyme system is found localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
• Succinate dehydrogenases
155
A typical biologic membrane would be most likely to have which of the following per cent weight compositions of Lipid - Protein - Carbohydrate - RNA?
• 35% 55% 5% 0%
156
Which conjugated compound makes up the phosphoproteins found in viral particles?
• Nucleoprotein
157
The most sensitive enzymatic indicator for liver damage from ethanol intake leading to cirrhosis is
• gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
158
Enzymes as classic catalysts accomplish which of the following energy effects?
• lower the energy of activation
159
A purely competitive enzyme inhibitor has which of the following kinetic effects?
• increases Km without affecting Vmax
160
Synthesis of an enzyme promoted by the substrate on which it acts, is characterized by the term
• induction
161
A coenzyme or a metal ion that is very tightly or covalently bound to the enzyme is called a/an
• prosthetic group
162
Km and Vmax can be determined from the Lineweaver-Burk plot of the Michaelis-Menten equation shown below. When V is the reaction rate at substrate concentration S, the x-axis experimental data is expressed as
• 1/S
163
Examples such as the O-linked or N-linked glycosides are classified as which type of conjugated compound?
• Glycosaminoglycans
164
The inner leaflet of membranes are predominantly made of
• phosphatidylethanolamine & phosphatidylserine
165
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are both elevated in which of the following disease?
• viral hepatitis
166
Which two conditions can “physiologically” elevate serum alkaline phosphatase?
pubertal growth, third trimester of pregnancy
167
Which conjugated compound is found in membranes as antigenic determinants?
• Glycolipid
168
Which of the following chemical determinations may be of help in establishing the presence of seminal fluid?
• Acid phosphatase
169
. Macroenzymes are occasionally seen as persistent aberrant bands on electrophoresis with larger molecular weight than their corresponding normal form. They generally represent
• Enzymes bound to immunoglobulins.
170
. Increased total lactic dehydrogenase (LD) activity, confirmed to fraction 4 and 5 , is most likely to be associated with
• Acute viral hepatitis
171
Which statement about the active site is incorrect?
• It is composed of linearly arranged amino acid chain.
172
. Most of the following membranes in the body have proteins exceeding lipid content EXCEPT:
• Myelin membrane
173
A coenzyme could be any of the following EXCEPT
• inorganic ion
174
what organelles are phospholipids synthesized
• ER
175
. What 2 factors influence the FLUIDITY of the membranes?
* cholesterol content of membranes ;
| * unsaturated fatty acid content of the membranes
176
Given the following results: Alkaline phosphatase that is marked increased; Alanine Aminotransferase that is Slightly increased; Aspartate aminotransferase that is slightly increased; and Gamma – glutamyl transferase that is marked increased. This is most consistent with:
• Obstructive jaundice
177
Which of the following sets of results would be consistent with macroamylasemia?
• Increased serum amylase and normal urine amylase values
178
Which anticoagulant cannot be used for plasma collection for enzyme assays because it is regarded as an enzyme poison?
• fluoride
179
Regulatory chemicals such as FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) & LH (luteinizing hormone) all belong to which conjugated compound grouping?
• Glycoprotein
180
The Km value & Vmax in noncompetitive inhibition are
• unchanged and decreased respectively
181
Which among the following conjugated compounds have characteristic micellar structure with polar coat and lipid core
• Lipoprotein
