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Anthropology > Summative Evaluation > Flashcards

Summative Evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

Society

A

A group of people in a specific geographic area who share the same rules and laws

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2
Q

Hunting and Gathering Societies

A
  • People live in “bands” which consists of 35-50 adults and within the group, long-term family units of one male and one female plus their offspring co-exist with other family units.
  • Kinship relationships extend the family unit throughout the society and establish important social and economic relationships such as trading
  • People lived on food that was either hunted or gathered

THESE SOCIETIES DO NOT HAVE FORMAL EDUCATION AND THE CHILDREN GAIN KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR CULTURE AND LEARN THE NECESSARY SKILLS OF SURVIVAL BY OBSERVING AND IMITATING THEIR PARENTS AND OTHER ADULTS

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3
Q

Agricultural Societies

A
  • humans who have domesticated animals and plants to farm the area they live in, changing the pattern of social organization
  • the new technology assures food supplies and leads to a larger concentration of population
  • not everyone is involved in food production and there are more and more variations in group member’s standards of living
  • in this civilization, kinship is not the only basis for social relations, especially since groups now form around different occupations (groups of farmers, pottery makes, soldiers and priests) and even social class, religious, and political groups
  • schooling is limited and the society places an emphasis on practical skills and traditional tasks
    THE OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY FURTHER IS AVAILABLE ONLY TO THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD IT
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4
Q

Industrial Societies

A
  • the complexity of social groups among human changes with the onset of the modern industrial society
  • very few people are now involved in food production, and while people still belong to a local family, occupations, religious and political groups… modern communications, transportation and increased leisure time has encouraged both adults and children to join clubs, community groups and associations
  • these are high income societies where education for everyone is a priority
    ALL CHILDREN ARE OBLIGATED, BY LAW, TO GO TO SCHOOL
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5
Q

Post-Industrial Societies

A
  • in the “information age” new technologies such as the internet make global social groups more common and further reduce the importance of family and kinship groups in the twenty-first century
  • higher levels of education are needed than in industrial societies as more jobs are found in the field of information technology and service industries than in the industrial production
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6
Q

What is the Bushmen’s idea of the Christmas story?

A

Praise the birth of the white man’s god-chief

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7
Q

What us the Tswana-Herero custom for Christmas?

A

Slaughtering an ox for his Bushmen neighbors as an annual goodwill gesture

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8
Q

Why did Richard Boshay Lee go to the Kalahari?

A

To study the hunting and gathering subsistence economy of the !Kung

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9
Q

Why was it essential that the anthropologist not share his food supplies with the !Kung?
How did they feel about this?

A

It was essential not to provide them with food, share any food, or interfere in any way with their food-gathering activities because he did not want to influence the natural data.

They felt as though he was being stingy and hard-hearted

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10
Q

How did the Bushmen keep hunters from becoming arrogant? Explain their reasoning?

A

The Bushmen prevent hunters from becoming arrogant by making fun of the size of what they have hunted and the wisdom of the hunter. This is to keep the hunter humble and prevent them from becoming too proud

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11
Q

What was the message that the Bushmen were trying to make to the Anthropologist?

A

All “acts” have an element of calculation, and no act is completely generous. In this case, one black ox slaughtered at Christmas does not wipe out a year of careful manipulation of gifts given to serve your own ends

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12
Q

The Impact of Society on Human Development and the 2 Theories

A
  • these theories explain the focus of society and how people are molded to fit the structure*
    1. Functionalist Perspective
    2. Conflict Perspective
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13
Q

The Functionalist Perspective

A

Society is a network of cooperating groups sharing many common interests and is unified by a consensus upon certain basic values

SOCIETY IS STABLE BECAUSE IT SERVES THE NEEDS OF ITS CITIZENS
one relative cooperative harmony

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14
Q

The Conflict Perspective

A

Society is a constant battle between conflicting groups and classes with opposing interests, which are imperfectly papered over by a fabricated and deceptive “consensus” upon basic values
THE LOWER CLASSES ARE FOOLED INTO IMAGINING THAT THEIR INTERESTS AND VALUES ARE NOT IN CONFLICT WITH THOSE OF THE DOMINANT CLASS
continuous conflict between groups and classes

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15
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s relatively distinctive and consistent patterns of thinking feeling and acting

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16
Q

Charles H. Cooley on Personality

A

He believed that our sense of self identity is developed during a process very close to socialization

Using the image of a looking glass, he explained how the reactions of others show us who we are, like a mirror.

WE BASE OUR PERSONALITIES OFF OF HOW WE THINK PEOPLE SEE US

17
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which a child becomes a participating member of society; through social contact, individuals learn to think and act in certain ways

18
Q

What did Maslow believe?

A

Believed that people are not controlled by mechanic forces (the stimuli and reinforcement forces of behaviourism) or unconscious instinctual impulses of psychoanalysis. HUMANS INSTEAD STRIVE TO REACH THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF THEIR CAPABILITIES

19
Q

What is Maslow’s theory called?

A

The Hierarchal Theory of Needs:

  1. SURVIVAL/ PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS: these needs are biological and consist of the need for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature
  2. SECURITY/ SAFETY NEEDS: except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social structure (such as widespread rioting) adults do not experience their security needs. Children however often display signs of insecurity and their need to be safe
  3. SOCIAL (LOVE, AFFECTION, BELONGINGNESS) NEEDS: people have needs to escape feelings of loneliness and alienation and give (and) receive love, affection and the sense of belonging
  4. EGO/ESTEEM NEEDS: people need a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from other in order to feel satisfied, self-confident an valuable. If these needs are not met, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless
  5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION FULFILLMENT: Maslow describes self-actualization as an ongoing process. Self actualizing people are, with one single exception, involves in a cause outside their own skin. They are devoted, working at something, something very precious to them -a calling or vocation
20
Q

Why would people not move up to self-actualization?

A

The only reason that people would not move through the needs to self-actualization is because of the hindrances placed in their way by society

21
Q

What are the 3 rules Maslow states that are crucial in achieving each level?

A
  1. needs must be met in order from bottom to top
  2. a need does not exist until the ones beneath it are mastered
  3. once we master a need we can go back and “play” at that level
22
Q

IVAN PAVLOV

What is the theory of Classical Conditioning?

A

The theory of learning through association, more specifically, 2 stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal

23
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Something that NORMALLY causes a reaction in a subject

24
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Something that normally would NOT cause a reaction but because of an association with something else, it causes a reaction

25
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

A normal/ natural response to something (a stimulus)

26
Q

Conditioned Response

A

A learned reaction to something that has been associated with something else

27
Q

How did Pavlov use the terms to conduct an experiment?

A

He conducted tests on dogs and their saliva, and trained the animal to salivate when it would hear a bell through the conditioned association of meat.

The experiment started as such:
DOG + MEAT = DOG SALIVATES
(subject) (Unconditioned Stimulus) (Unconditioned Response)
“UCS” “UCR”

Then Pavlov introduced the bell to start associating the meat with the ringing:
DOG + Ring Bell + Meat = DOG SALIVATES
(subject) “UCS” “UCR”

*Dog hears the bell but is still responding to the meat. After a while, the dog will respond to the bell because he THINKS he will get the meat. He has been CONDITIONED to respond to the bell:
DOG + RINGING BELL = DOG SALIVATES
(subject) (Conditioned Stimulus) (Conditioned Response)
“CS” “CR”

28
Q

BF SKINNER

What is the theory of Operant Conditioning

A

The theory that behaviour is influenced by its consequences

29
Q

What are the 4 types of operant conditioning

A
  1. Positive Reinforcement
  2. Negative Reinforcement
    (both are strengthened so you’ll do it again)
  3. Punishment
  4. Extinction
    (both are weakened so you won’t keep doing it)
30
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

A particular behaviour is strengthened by the consequence of experiencing a positive condition

31
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

A particular behaviour is strengthened by the consequence of stopping or avoiding a negative condition

32
Q

Punishment

A

A particular behaviour is weakened by the consequence of experiencing a negative condition

33
Q

Extinction

A

A Particular behaviour is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or the stopping of a negative condition

34
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of all aspects of human life and culture. Deals with human beings as a species and as members of cultures

35
Q

Sociology

A

Focuses on the social interaction among people in groups as well as the social structures developed by people

36
Q

Psychology

A

Deals with individuals and studies their mind and behaviour

Anthropology (2 decks)

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