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ATO Course Completed > Summative Assessment 2 > Flashcards

Summative Assessment 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ingredients of Greek Fire?

A

Naphtha, Sulphur, Pitch

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2
Q

What are the main ingredients of the Chinese gunpowder?

A

Saltpeter, Sulphur, Charcoal

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3
Q

What was Roger Bacons importance in regards to the development of explosives and when?

A

He described the composition of the gunpowder and experimented to improve its quality and explosive power in 1242

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4
Q

Gunpowder Grains loaded in a gun had sufficient room between then for what purpose?

A

To allow the flash to reach them all at the same time.

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5
Q

HMX was initially a side product of what HE?

A

RDX

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6
Q

What is the British name of the adopted filler Picric Acid?

What year was Picric Acid first discovered

A

Lyddite

1742

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7
Q

PETN is currently widely used as a secondary explosive in what in service EO?

A

Det Cord

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8
Q

Name the 3 early methods of rifling?

A

Hexagonal or Whitworth Rifling Studded (woolwich) Rifling Lead Coated Shell French Rifling Oval Bore Vavasseur’s Driving Band

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9
Q

When did cast iron barrels become prevalent?

A

16th Century

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10
Q

Who designed the first modern combustion time fuze?

A

Colonel Boxer

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11
Q

Why were trunnions an important improvement to weapons?

A

Absorbed some of the recoil shock, Allowed the gun to be raised and lowered for firing

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12
Q

Who invented the Breech Loading Gun?

A

Sir William Armstrong

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13
Q

Who is credited with the concept of a gun?

A

The monk Black Berthold

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14
Q

What term is used to describe the diameter of the bore excluding the depth of the grooves?

A

Calibre

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15
Q

There are two types of muzzle brakes, and their forms?

A

Built up and Solid forging & Swaged - double baffle, single baffle

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16
Q

A decrease in the initial resistance to shot start is caused by what and what effect will this have?

A

Barrel wear and Range is decreased

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17
Q

What are the 2 categories of breech mechanisms?

A

Screw mechanisms and Sliding Block mechanisms.

Screw mechanisms are typically used with Breech Loading systems which fire separate ammunition.

Sliding Block mechanisms typically used with Quick-Fire system, and require semi-fixed or fixed ammunition (CC)

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18
Q

What do fume extractors aid in?

A

To prevent the fumes entering the crew compartment

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19
Q

What is the desired result when using delay fuzing on HE ammo?

A

To achive a much greater cratering affect which can be used to penetrate OHP and enhance to destructive blast effect detonation.

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20
Q

What are the 5 basic requirements of artillery?

A
  1. Range
  2. Ammo
  3. Accuracy and Consistency
  4. Mobility
  5. Protection
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21
Q

Why do we carry less illuminating ammunition?

A
  1. Image intensifiers
  2. Low light television
  3. Thermal Imaging
  4. Infra- Red sights
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22
Q

What are the two main methods used without altering the weapon system to increase range?

A
  1. Ballistic coefficient
  2. Post firing boost- Rocket Assist/Base bleed
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23
Q

Define the word accuracy?

Define the word consistency?

A

Accuracy: The measurement of precision with which the MPI, of a group of rounds can be placed on a target.

Consistency is a measure of spread of rounds around the MPI when rounds are fired from the same gun at the same elevation.

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24
Q

State 4 variations that affect consistency?

A
  1. Muzzle velocity
  2. Ballistic Coefficient
  3. Weather conditions
  4. Laying, ramming and wear to the gun
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25
Q

Why is the trend now to exclude gun shields from modern towed equipment?

A

Air portability and keep weigh to a minimum

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26
Q

What is the abbrevation of Composition Explosives?

A

CE

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27
Q

Is the dust or explosive residue hazardous to health?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What is the definition of HE?

A

“A substance, alone or mixed with one
another which are in a metastable state and
are capable for this reason of undergoing a
rapid chemical reaction without the
participation of external reactants such as
atmospheric oxygen”.

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29
Q

The preferred method of stabilisation of motar rounds is (a)______________ stabilised. (b) ____________ stabilisation is not preferred because it increases the mechanical complexity of the weapon and (c) _________________ the rate of fire.

A

A- Fin

B- Spin

C- Reduces

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30
Q

What have some of the considerations that have to be addressed before choosing a weapon system?

A
  1. Nature of the task
  2. Terrain
  3. Effect required at target
  4. Range
  5. Mobility
  6. Protection
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31
Q

What is the major advantage of FFR when employed as indirect fire support weapons?

A

Large rate of fire in the short period of time.

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32
Q

Why is “bed in” a mortar a disadvantage?

A
  1. Minimum of two rounds required which wastes ammunition
  2. Compromises the position
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33
Q

Define a Mortar?

A
  • Is a weapon
  • Recoil force transmitted to the ground through the base plate
  • Usually smooth bore
  • Muzzle loading
  • Firing a fin stabilised bomb
  • With propelling charges
  • At low MV and high trajectory
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34
Q

What are the main components of a mortar bomb?

A
  1. Bomb body- including fuze and provides obturation
  2. Tail Unit- propulsion system
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35
Q

What are the two types of augmenting cartridges?

A
  1. Thin leaves of plasticised and bonded propellant stapled together- US 120mm Mortar
  2. Hollow plastic cartridges containing granular propellant- Horse Shoe
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36
Q

What is a carriage?

A

A carrigae is ordnance which travels on its wheels and fires with its wheels in contact with the ground.

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37
Q

What is a mount/ mounting?

A

A mounting does not fire with its wheels in contact with the ground.

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38
Q

What are the 2 types of mounting?

A

1- Mobile- Towed with wheels reomved or raised for firing

  1. Self propelled- Built into an open or closed tracked hull.
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39
Q

Functions of a carriage or mounting?

A
  1. Provides mobility for transportation
  2. Support ordnance and give stability
  3. Give ordnance direction in elevation and traverse
  4. Provide accurate and quick laying to ordnance
  5. Absorb recoil energy and return gun to firing postiion
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40
Q

What are the 2 main parts of a carriage and mounting and describe their function?

A
  1. Superstructure- Supports the ordnance in firing position, gives direction in trasverse and elevation, provides axial movement for recoil and siting system
  2. The Basic Structure- The part in contact with the ground and transferring the firing stresses.
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41
Q

Define a superstructure?

A

S- Saddle

C- Cradle

R- Recoil system

B- Balancing gear

E- Elevating gear

T- Traversing gear

S- Sights

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42
Q

What are the 3 types of cradles?

A

1- Trough type

2- Ring type

3- Open structure- Skeleton type

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43
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Recoil system?

A

1- The buffer- Controls the reward movement of the recoiling parts

2- Recouperator- Mechanism that return the recoiled parts to their original position and holds them until the next round is fired.

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44
Q

What are the 3 types of elevating gears?

A

1- Worm and segment

2- Nut and screw

3- Arc and pinion

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45
Q

What elevating gear did the Hamel Gun use?

A

Arch and pinion

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46
Q

What are the 4 traversing gears?

A

1- Nut and screw

2- Arch and pinion

3- Worm and segment

4- Rapson nut and screw

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47
Q

Define Basic structure?

A

1- Trails

2- Saddle Supports

3- Articulations

4- Spades

5- Platforms

6- Wheels and axels

7- Suspension and brakes

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48
Q

List 4 types of trail types?

A

1- Pole trail

2- Split trail

3- Box trail

4- Bowed box trail

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49
Q

What are the advantages of a mortar?

A

1- Moderate cost

2- Low weight

3- Simplicity

4- High angle and rates of fire

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50
Q

What are the disadvantages of a mortar?

A

1- Long time in flight

2- Relative inaccurate

3- Dependence on ground conditions

4- Degraded performance in wet conditions

5- Lack of protection for mortar crew

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51
Q

What are 2 ways fragmentation in a mortar can be influenced?

A

Bomb wall produced in metal with good fragmentation qualities

Thin walled liner with pre-cast fragments.

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52
Q

What are the 4 different fuze types for a mortar?

A

1- Impact/ Point Detonating (PD)

2- Delay (DEL)

3- Mechanical time Super Quick- (MTSQ)

4- Proximity (PROX)

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53
Q

What is a windage?

A

The gap between the outer wall of the bomb and the inner wall of the tube.

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54
Q

What is Yaw?

A

This is accentuated by the turbulence outside the muzzle. The expanding propellant gases accelerate past the bomb and start to become unstable near the fins.

55
Q

What is the maximum range achived for a mortar?

A

800mils

56
Q

What is the maximum safe elevation (minimum range) for a mortar?

A

1420mils

57
Q

T or F

Can mortars be fired at zero range if they are fired at or close to an elevation of 1600mils?

A

True

58
Q

What are the Calibre and the categories of mortars?

A

1- Light Mortars- 50- 70mm

2- Medium Mortars- Up to 100mm

3- Heavy Mortars- up to 120mm

4- Gun mortars- Unconventional- Gun or mortar- breeche loading, rifled barrels, recoil systems.

59
Q

What are the fuzing functions for a projectile?

A

1- Air burst

2- Delay

3- Ground Burst

60
Q

There are 4 types of carrier projectiles, what are they?

A

1- Smoke

2- Smoke WP

3- Illumination

4- Sub- munitions

61
Q

What are the advantages of using “smoke”?

A

1- Screen movements

2- Marking targets

3- Blind the enemies observation

62
Q

How do we increase range of a projectile?

A

1- Ballistic co-efficient - Base bleed

2- Post firing boost - Rocket Assist

63
Q

Accuracy of firing a projectile may be affected by many sources, name them?

A

1- Survey of guns

2- Accuracy of target location

3- Inaccuracy inherent to the ammunition and instruments

4- corrections applied for external conditions

64
Q

Consistency of firing a projectile may be affected by many sources, name them?

A

1- Muzzle velocity

2- Ballistic Coefficient

3- Weather Conditions

4- Laying, ramming and wear on the gun

65
Q

What are the conventional design features of a mortar?

A
  1. Smooth bore
  2. Muzzle loading
  3. No recoil mechanisims

4- Restricted to firing above 45 degrees

5- Cannot be fired in direct role

66
Q

What are the unconventional design features of a mortar?

A

1- Rifle bore

2- Breech loaded

3- Low angle fire

67
Q

What are the 2 main parts of a gun?

A

1- The carriage or mounting

2- The ordance

68
Q

What is the function of ordnance?

A

Provides a vessel to contain the force of burning charge in such a way that the energy produced is transmitted safely and predictably to the projectile.

69
Q

What are the main components of the ordnance?

A

1- The barrel and its attachments

2- The breech

3- The firing Mechanism

70
Q

How do you measure the calibre?

A

The calibre of the barrel is defined as the diameter of the bore from land to land.

71
Q

What are the 2 types of rifling?

A

1- Progressive

2- Constant

72
Q

What are the 5 construction techniques for a barrel?

A

1- Monobloc

2- Composite Barrels

3- Loose Barrel/ Loose Liner

4- Built Up Barrels

5- Wire Wound

73
Q

What are 2 types of breech mechanisms?

A

1- Interrupted Screw mechanisms

2- Sliding Block Mechanisms

74
Q

Whata re the 3 types of sliding block mechanisms?

A

1- Tied Jaw

2- Open Jaw

3- Closed jaw

75
Q

What are the three firing mechanisms for a gun?

A

1- Percussion

2- Electric

3- Electric and percussion

76
Q

When did the cast iron cannon come into use?

A

16th Century

77
Q

What are the 6 early variations of rifling?

A

1- Vavasseur’s driving band

2- Woolwich Rifling- studded

3- Oval bore

4- French Rifling

5- Hexagonal or whitworth riflinh

6- Lead coated shell

78
Q

When and where was the first fully self contained SAA cartridge created?

A

Paris- 1808

79
Q

When was greek fire created?

A

7th Century AD

80
Q

What is greek fire made out of?

A

1- Sulphur

2- Naphtha

3- Pitch

81
Q

When was black powder created?

A

9th century

82
Q

What is black powder made out of?

A

Saltpeter (potassium nitrate)

Sulphur

Charcoal/ resin

83
Q

When was the first smokeless powder created?

A

1865

84
Q

Who created ballistite and in what year?

A

Alfred Noble in 1887

85
Q

What does Ballistite consist of?

A

Camphor (wax)

NG- Nitroglycerine

NC- Nitrocellulose

86
Q

What does cordite consist of?

A

1- NG- Nitroglycerine

2- NC- Nitrocellulose

3- Petroleum jelly

87
Q

What are 2 types of smokeless propellants?

A

Cordite

Ballistite

88
Q

Name the modern smokeless propellants?

A

Single based, double based, triple based and composite based propellants

89
Q

When was fulminate mercury discovered?

A

17th century

90
Q

What is Mercury fulminate used for?

A

Detonators

91
Q

What is in Dynamite?

A

NG- Nitroglycerine

92
Q

What does guncotton consist of?

A

NC- Nirtocellulose, Nitric Acid and cotton fibres

93
Q

What is Tetryl used for?

A

Booster

Too sensitive to be used for a main charge

94
Q

What is PETN used in currently?

Who and when developed it?

A

Det cord

Germans, 1891.

95
Q

Describe FAE?

A

Fuel Air Explosion

Over pressure plus heat = Thermobaric

96
Q

What are the different types of Direct Fire systems?

A
  1. Small arms- smaller than 20mm
  2. Cannon- greater than 20mm
  3. Rockets
97
Q

Define a Recoiless System?

A
  • 84mm M3 Carl Gustaf
  • Man Portable
  • Versatile payload
  • Limited armour penetration
  • Large firing signature
98
Q

Define Guided Missiles?

A
  • Greater accuracy
  • High velocity
  • Increaded cost
  • Specific target types
99
Q

How do you increase the velocity of a mortar?

A

Use larger propelling charge as well as a longer barrel.

100
Q

Who designed the first modern combustion
time fuze?

A

Colonel Boxer

101
Q

Grained gunpowder was produced in what year?

A

1630

102
Q

Corned gunpowder was created where, and in what year?

A

France, 1429

103
Q

What is the distance between the centre of pressure (COP) and the centre of gravity (COG) called?

A

Static Pressure

104
Q

What are the three methods of Articulation for Trails

A

Ball Socket Joints, Rocking Arms, Pins

105
Q

How do you determine Calibre length

A

You divide the length of the barrel by the Calibre diameter of the bore.

106
Q

What are the five stressors

A

Torsional, Radial, Girder, Longitudinal, Circumferential

107
Q

What are the Charge to Weight Ratio (CWR) Limits?

A

Artillery no more than 15% Mortars 20%>

108
Q

What are the two types of Mortar Cartridges?

A

Primary Cartridge and Augmenting Cartridge

109
Q

How large should a static margin be?

A

At least the equivalent of one calibre.

110
Q

What did Sir William Armstrong invent?

A

The first Breech loaded gun

111
Q

What did Henry Shrapnel invent and when?

A

Hollow cannon ball filled with shot which burst mid-air, 1784

112
Q

List some Issues with early firearms like the Martini Henri, and the improvements made to overcome them with newer designs like the Mauser and SMLE.

A

Issues: excessive smoke and residue from black powder main charge. Poor/weak cartridges led to cartridge extraction problems

  • Improvements:
  • Smokeless powder
  • improved cartridge cases
  • better ballistics and projectile design
  • Weapons improved accuracy and stronger breech.
113
Q

What developments did self contained cartridges lead to?

A

Revolvers, pistols, and later rapid fire single shot rifles, including magazine rifles following into machine gun development.

114
Q

What is meant by ‘Survey of the guns”

A

The process of determining the relative horizontal and vertical locations of the guns and their target in order to provide accurate data for the firing chart(computer).

115
Q

What are some difficulties of incorporating safe fuzes in mortar boms?

A
  • Lower set back forces compared to guns
  • No centrifugal forces (fin stabilised, no spin)
    *
116
Q

What fuse safety features are used mortar bombs?

A

Delayed arming mechanisms - propeller spin ( minimum distance travelled) to arm fuze. Minimum required acceleration to arm fuze.

Safety lock - pin required to be removed prior to firing.

117
Q

When was Nitroglycerin discovered, and by whom?

A

1846 by Sobrero

118
Q

Who invented TNT, and when?

A

The Germans in 1863, used as a yellow dye.

119
Q

What was the makeup of early roman Gunpowder?

Ref: History of Ammunition Weapons, slide 8.

A

7 parts saltpetre

5 parts young hazel twig

5 parts sulphur

“But of saltpetre take seven parts, five of young hazel twig (use to make charcoal) and five of sulphur, and so thou will call up thunder and destruction if thou know the art”

120
Q

What was the first metal cannon and when was it employed?

A

The Pot-de-fer.

First used by the French in the 100 years war 1337-1453

121
Q

In 1346, the first recorded battle in England where artillery was used took place.

What was the name of the weapon used?

A

The ‘Crecy Bombard’

122
Q

When were the first metal or iron balls being used as projectiles?

A

The mid 1400’s.

The advantages over stone were consistency and penetrating power.

123
Q

What year was Corned Powder invented?

Why was this significant?

A

1429.

Significant as:
Corned gunpowder was less susceptible to the wet,

Left less residue in barrels,

Older gun designs couldn’t handle the increased pressure generated by corned gunpowder, and lead to faster development of the cannon.

124
Q

When was the interrupted screw breech invented?

A

1845.

Developed to form an effective gas seal at the breech for breech loaded weapons at the time of firing.

125
Q

After the invented of the interrupted screw breech, what further developments were made?

A

In 1890, Alex Welin developed a stepped interrupted screw design. This is still in use today on bagged artillery systems.

Further obturation development was made in the form of the De Bange breech obturator system, also still in common use.

126
Q

In what decade were rimfire cartridges developed?

A

1850’s

127
Q

In what year were centrefire cartridges developed?

A

1857

128
Q

Why was the development of self contained cartridges significant?

A

Allowed for development of revolvers (later pistols), and rapid firing (for the time) single shot rifles (late magazine fed rifles).

This later led to early gen machine guns (Vickers, Maxim)

129
Q

What was the first mass-produced needle gun/Gun fired by pin?

A

1865 Dreyse Needle Gun Mechanism

130
Q

When was the lever action, single shot Martini-Henri rifle introduced? What problems did it encounter?

A

Suffered from extraction issues due to weak cartridge cases, and excessive fouling due to use of black powder as the main charge.

131
Q

What was the significance of the 1898 Mauser?

A

Standard weapon for German Army in WW1 and WW2.

Basis for many other centrefire rifles due to high accuracy and strong breech.

Maximised advantages of smokeless powder, cartridge case construction, ballistics and projectile design.

132
Q

What was the significance of the Short Magazine Lee Enfield (SMLE) rifle, which entered British service in 1907?

A

The next generation of centrefire rifles.

Maximised on technical advantages on ballistics, cartridges cases and projectile design.

Used by Commonwealth forces in WW1, WW2, Korea.

133
Q

What is ‘Shot Start’?

A

The moment the projectile begins to move inside the bore.

134
Q

When was the Carcass developed, and what was it’s significance?

A

1672 - the forerunner of incendiary devices.

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