summative 4 Flashcards
nondisjunction
failure of paired chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the spindle during mitosis or meiosis
osmolarity
term used to describe the concentration of solutes within a given volume of water
high osmolarity
many solutes dissolved into a solution
low osmolarity
few solutes dissolve in a solution
plasmid
small circular dna, can replicate independently, can be exchanged with bacteria during conjugation
conjugation
bacteria transfers genetic material to another through direct contact
exons
regions of dna that code for protiens, translated into protiens
interons
is not in mature dna but starts there
dna polymerase
enzyme responsible for forming new copies of dna
s phase
dna replication
nucleotide
building block of a nucleic acid
operon
set of neighboring genes in a genome
regulatory sequences/protiens
stretches of dna that can inhibit or promote protien synthesis
controls transcription
interaction with regulatory sequences and protiens
epigenetics
the study of how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence
histones
protiens used to wrap around dna
where does translation occur
ribosomes
eukaryotic translation
ribosomes bound to er
prokaryotic translaition
cytosolic ribsomes and translated while being transcribed
reverse transcriptace
enzyme that copies viral rna to viral dna
codon
3 nucleotides grouped together
polypeptide
a continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
hydrolysis
any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds
can ions move freely acroess a membrane
no
