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REVIEWERS FOR PHILOSOPHY > SUMMATIVE 2.FOR PHILOSOPHY > Flashcards

SUMMATIVE 2.FOR PHILOSOPHY Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the 3 Empiricist?

A
  1. John Locke
  2. George Berkeley
  3. David Hume
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2
Q

what is Epistemology according to Ayn Rand?

A

Epistemology is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper method of acquiring and validating knowledge.

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3
Q

It is a knowledge acquired through the experiences derived from the senses.

A

Empiricism

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4
Q

How to Acquire Knowledge?

A

Empiricism and Rationalism

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5
Q

What is Rationalism?

A
  • opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge.
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6
Q

Who are the 3 Rationalists?

A
  1. Rene Descartes
  2. Baruch Spinoza
  3. Gottfried Leibniz
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7
Q

What are the processes to Acquire Knowledge?

A
  1. Reality
  2. Perception
  3. Conception
  4. Proposition
  5. Inference
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8
Q

we noticed what is similar.

A

Conception

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9
Q

this is where we clarify things. this is under Conception.

A

Abstraction

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10
Q

Reality is…

A

to know is to know something (reality, existence, being)

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11
Q

statement that express assertion or a denial

A

Proposition

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12
Q

A group of statements where we can find one or two premises and a conclusion.

A

Arguments

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13
Q

it provides arguments

A

Inference

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14
Q

It is an instance of a form of reasoning in which conclusion is drawn

A

Syllogism

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15
Q

it has premises and a conclusion

A

Syllogism

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16
Q

To know whether the claim is true or false, it must undergo in the process of…

A

Verification

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17
Q

It must undergo the process of verification to know whether the claim is…

A

true or false

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18
Q

For science, truth is something…

A

observable and empirical

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19
Q

It has various views that can help us tackle the concept of knowing the truth.

A

Philosophy

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20
Q

they emphasize belief as a basis for determining truth

A

Philosophers

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21
Q

Give me 3-5 systematic doubt analysis

A
  1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
  2. A belief is true if it is based on facts
  3. Having people agree on a common belief (yet with limitations)
  4. A person must prove his statement to action
  5. A claim must be subjected to test
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22
Q

It is a common belief or popular opinion.

A

Doxa

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23
Q

refers to a principle system of understanding or knowledge

A

Episteme

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24
Q

In philosophy, there is no generally acceptable definition of ______. However, there are various theories of _____

A

Truth

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25
Q

[‘True’] is a word we all understand, but if we try to explain it, we can easily get involved in a maze of confusion. according to______

A

Frank Ramsey

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26
Q

What are the seeking of the truth by the human person?

A
  1. External
  2. Internal
  3. mankind has its locus and thinking, its central activity
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27
Q

Which of the 3 seeking of the truth by the human person is physical faculty and spiritual?

A

Spiritual Faculty
3. The mankind has its locus and thinking, its central activity

Physical Faculty
1. External
2. Internal

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28
Q

This is the sight, smell, touch, hear, taste

A

External

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29
Q

This is memory, imagination, consciousness, and instinct

A

Internal

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30
Q

In order to seek out reality, man must attain full enlightenment. This proverb is according to

A

Buddhism

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31
Q

In Buddhism, what do they mean by “an Enlightened one”?

A

Forgetting human/manly desires.

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32
Q

The goal of thinking is to know the ultimate

A

The Ultimate Truth

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of the Ultimate Truth?

A
  1. Resides the intellectual.
  2. It is immutable.
  3. It is absolute.
  4. It is eternal.
34
Q

The human person has two powers of the mind, according to??

A

Rene Descartes and St. Thomas Aquinas

35
Q

What are the 2 powers of mind?

A
  1. The intellect
  2. The will
36
Q

It is:
- Thinking and reasoning
- Making wise decisions
- pursue truths of a higher order

A

The intellect

37
Q

The intellect is also called…

A

Universally True

38
Q

The will is divided into 3, what are these parts?

A

a. Conscience
b. Moral Decisions
c. Action

39
Q

The will is also called…

A

Universally good

40
Q

this thing adds to our decision making

A

Conscience

41
Q

It is free from coercion

A

Action

42
Q

It can make us choose freely

A

Moral Decisions

43
Q

He believes that at birth, the mind is a tabula rasa

A

John Locke

44
Q

what is tabula rasa?

A

blank slate

45
Q

He is considered as the central figure of modern philosophy.

A

Immanuel Kant

46
Q

A judgement, viewpoint, or statement that is considered to be subjective

A

Opinion

47
Q

The human person has 3 ways of “taking-something-to-be-true” or

A

Fürwahrhalten

48
Q

It is a judgement that a cognition which is presented is true

A

Fürwahrhalten

49
Q

what are the 3 ways of taking-something-to-be-true or Fürwahrhalten?

A
  1. Opinion
  2. Knowledge
  3. Belief
50
Q

Among the 3 ways of Fürwahrhalten, which is the most problematic and why?

A

Opinion. Since it is neither subjectively nor objectively sufficient. It is just a form of preliminary judging.

51
Q

Conscious judgement on the basis of both subjective and objective grounds.

A

Knowledge

52
Q

a claim on the basis of subjective ground but without any objective.

A

Belief

53
Q

A conscious acceptance of a claim without subjective or objective

A

Opinion

54
Q

_______ can only be convincing if it is necessarily valid for everyone.

A

Truth

55
Q

Differentiate Conviction to Persuasion

A

Conviction gives rise to an assertion while Persuasion can be taken as valid only privately.

56
Q

It appeals to reason

A

Conviction

57
Q

It creates belief and intellectual agreement.

A

Conviction

58
Q

It appeals to emotion.

A

Persuasion

59
Q

It stirs and influences the audience.

A

Persuasion

60
Q

How to evaluate Opinion?

A
  1. Source
  2. Reliability
  3. Purpose
  4. Bias
  5. Assumption
61
Q

Assess how the person is very knowledgeable about the topic.

A

Reliability

62
Q

It is where a person believes it is true but now makes an effort to prove it.

A

Assumption

63
Q

to evaluate source, one must consider:

A

a. Reputation
b. Audience whom it was intended for
c. authentic documents should be provided as proof

64
Q

the author is prejudiced or against the idea or not

A

Bias

65
Q

Make sure to evaluate a particular viewpoint for reasoning and evidence.

A

Purpose

66
Q

What is an argument that contains a mistake in reasoning

A

Logical Fallacy

67
Q

Mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusion.

A

Fallacies of Relevance

68
Q

Mistakes in reasoning that occur due to the failure of providing sufficient evidence to support the conclusion.

A

Fallacy of insufficient evidence

69
Q

Assuming that what is true of part, is true for the whole

A

Fallacy of Composition

70
Q

Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its part.

A

Fallacy of Division

71
Q

things under Fallacies of Relevance

A
  • Personal Attack
  • Scare Tactics
  • Appeal to Pity
  • Appeal to tradition
  • Begging to question
  • Cause and effect
72
Q

Assuming cause and effect relationship between a related event

A

Cause and effect

73
Q

the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time

A

Appeal to tradition

74
Q

An arguer threatens harm to a reader or listener and this threat is irrelevant to the truth of the arguer’s conclusion.

A

Scare Tactics

75
Q

Arguer rejects a person’s argument or claim by attacking the person’s character.

A

Personal Attack

76
Q

An arguer attempts to evoke feelings of pity or compassion.

A

Appeal to Pity

77
Q

An arguer states or assumes as a premise (reason) the very thing he is seeking to probe as a conclusion.

A

Begging to Question

78
Q

has a principle of “esse is percipi”

A

George Berkeley

79
Q

Esse is percipi means…

A

to be is to be perceived

80
Q

Cogito ergo sum means…

A

I think therefore I am

81
Q

“I think therefore I am” is by…

A

Rene Descartes

REVIEWERS FOR PHILOSOPHY (1 decks)

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