Summary Slides Flashcards
What is the distinction between DNA and RNA viruses?
What are the basic structures of a virus?
- A nucleic acid genome
- Protein capsid that covers the genome (influenza)
What is the difference between a lytic and a non-integrative viral infection?
A lytic infection leads to the host cell’s death as the virus replicates and bursts out, while a non-integrative infection involves the virus replicating without integrating its genetic material into the host’s DNA, potentially allowing the host to survive the infection.
What is a provirus?
When DNA is inserted into the host genome
What are the different subtypes of viruses?
1) Retrovirus: Use RNA as its genomic material
2) Filoviruses: Filoviruses cause a severe hemorrhagic fever in human and non-human. Single stranded RNA.
3) Adenoviruses: Adenoviruses are medium-sized, non-enveloped viruses containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Can cause mild to severe infection. These viruses most commonly cause respiratory symptoms.
4) Bacteriophages: Are viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells
What is the main factor that determines what cell type a virus can infect?
Surface expression of a specific surface protein.
How do RNA vaccines work?
They trick the bodies cells into producing a fragment of the virus (known as the antigen), from an RNA template.
How do you make RNA vaccines more effective in a single dose?
Include the instructions for assembling a replicase to help make more copies of the RNA antigen.
What are membranes composed of?
Lipid bylayers
What are the lipid bilayers made up of?
Amphipathic (having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts) - trilaminar with a phospholipid bilayer.
What does the fluid mosaic model describe?
Membrane properties
What is membrane fluidity of a cell determined by?
- Temperature
- Higher temp = more fluid
- Lower temp = less fluid - Lipid composition
- Cholesterol is than used to make a balance
What do integral membrane proteins consist of?
Transmembrane domains (alpha helixs) made up of hydrophobic amino acids.
How do molecules move accross membranes?
Through passive and active mechanisms.
Ion channels are gated and can be activated by what methods?
1) Voltage (charge)
2) Ligand
What is tetrodotoxin?
They mimic ligand and cause issues within our ion channel. This one specifically causes issues with sodium and causes paralysis due to lack of muscle contraction.
What is an example of a common symporter?
The glucose symporter relies on sodium (Na+) to be able to enter the cell. It hitches a ride.
What do active transporters do?
They use ATP (energy) to move molecules from lower to higher concentrations
