SUMMARY QUESTIONS - Biological molecules Flashcards
Large molecules often contain carbon, Explain why
Carbon atoms readily link to one another to form a chain
State the general name for a molecule that is made up of many similar repeating units
Polymer
Explain why Benedict’s reagent turns red when heated with a reducing sugar
Sugar donates electrons that reduce blue copper (II) sulfate to orange copper (I) oxide
Suggest a way, other than comparing colour changes, in which different concentrations of reducing sugar could be estimated
- Dry the precipitate in each sample and weigh it.
- the heavier the precipitate = the more reducing sugar present
Explain why it isn’t possible to distinguish between very concentrated samples, even when their concentrations are different
Once all the copper (II) sulfate has been reduced to copper (I) oxide, further amounts of reducing sugar cannot make a difference
Identify which one, or more monomer units make up each of the following carbohydrates
A: lactose
B: sucrose
C: starch
A - glucose + galactose
B - glucose + fructose
C - alpha glucose only
Glucose (C6H12O6) combines with fructose (C6H12O6) to form the disaccharide sucrose. From your knowledge of how disaccharides are formed, deduce the formula of sucrose
C12H22O11
- because: (C6H12O6) + (C6H12O6) - H20 (form removal of water to form glycosidic bond)
To hydrolyse a disaccharide it can be boiled with hydrochloric acid but if hydrolysis is carried out by an enzyme a much lower temp (40’C) is required. Explain why
Enzymes are denatured at higher temps and this prevents them functioning / enzymes lower the activation energy required
What will ‘stain blue with iodine solution’
Starch
What ‘is known as “animal starch”’
Glycogen
What saccharide is found in plants
- alpha and beta glucose
- starch
- cellulose
Fill the gap:
Fats and oils make up a group of lipids called (A) which, when hydrolysed, form (B) and fatty acids. A fatty acid with more than one carbon-carbon double bond is described as (C). In phospholipid the number of fatty acids is (D); these are described as (E) because they repel water
A - triglycerides
B - glycerol
C - polyunsaturated
D - two
E - hydrophobic
List 2 differences between a triglyceride molecule and a phospholipid molecule
- Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids / no phosphate group / nonpolar
- Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group / hydrophilic ‘head’ and hydrophobic ‘tail’
Organisms that move, e.g. animals, and parts of organisms that move, e.g. some plant seeds, use lipids rather than carbohydrates as an energy store. Suggests one reason why
- lipids provide 2x as much energy as carbohydrate when they are oxidised
- if fat is stored, the same amount of energy can be provided for less than half the mass
- therefore its a lighter storage product — a major adv if the organism is motile
Name the type of bond that joins amino acids together
Peptide bond