SUMMARY QUESTIONS - Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Large molecules often contain carbon, Explain why

A

Carbon atoms readily link to one another to form a chain

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2
Q

State the general name for a molecule that is made up of many similar repeating units

A

Polymer

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3
Q

Explain why Benedict’s reagent turns red when heated with a reducing sugar

A

Sugar donates electrons that reduce blue copper (II) sulfate to orange copper (I) oxide

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4
Q

Suggest a way, other than comparing colour changes, in which different concentrations of reducing sugar could be estimated

A
  • Dry the precipitate in each sample and weigh it.
  • the heavier the precipitate = the more reducing sugar present
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5
Q

Explain why it isn’t possible to distinguish between very concentrated samples, even when their concentrations are different

A

Once all the copper (II) sulfate has been reduced to copper (I) oxide, further amounts of reducing sugar cannot make a difference

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6
Q

Identify which one, or more monomer units make up each of the following carbohydrates
A: lactose
B: sucrose
C: starch

A

A - glucose + galactose
B - glucose + fructose
C - alpha glucose only

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7
Q

Glucose (C6H12O6) combines with fructose (C6H12O6) to form the disaccharide sucrose. From your knowledge of how disaccharides are formed, deduce the formula of sucrose

A

C12H22O11
- because: (C6H12O6) + (C6H12O6) - H20 (form removal of water to form glycosidic bond)

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8
Q

To hydrolyse a disaccharide it can be boiled with hydrochloric acid but if hydrolysis is carried out by an enzyme a much lower temp (40’C) is required. Explain why

A

Enzymes are denatured at higher temps and this prevents them functioning / enzymes lower the activation energy required

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9
Q

What will ‘stain blue with iodine solution’

A

Starch

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10
Q

What ‘is known as “animal starch”’

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

What saccharide is found in plants

A
  • alpha and beta glucose
  • starch
  • cellulose
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12
Q

Fill the gap:
Fats and oils make up a group of lipids called (A) which, when hydrolysed, form (B) and fatty acids. A fatty acid with more than one carbon-carbon double bond is described as (C). In phospholipid the number of fatty acids is (D); these are described as (E) because they repel water

A

A - triglycerides
B - glycerol
C - polyunsaturated
D - two
E - hydrophobic

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13
Q

List 2 differences between a triglyceride molecule and a phospholipid molecule

A
  • Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids / no phosphate group / nonpolar
  • Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group / hydrophilic ‘head’ and hydrophobic ‘tail’
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14
Q

Organisms that move, e.g. animals, and parts of organisms that move, e.g. some plant seeds, use lipids rather than carbohydrates as an energy store. Suggests one reason why

A
  • lipids provide 2x as much energy as carbohydrate when they are oxidised
  • if fat is stored, the same amount of energy can be provided for less than half the mass
  • therefore its a lighter storage product — a major adv if the organism is motile
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15
Q

Name the type of bond that joins amino acids together

A

Peptide bond

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16
Q

State the type of reaction involved in joining amino acids together

A

Condensation reaction

17
Q

List 4 different components that make up amino acids

A
  • amino group (—NH2)
  • carboxyl group (—COOH)
  • hydrogen atom (—H)
  • R group
18
Q

Define a catalyst

A

A substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent change

19
Q

Explain why enzymes are effective in tiny quantities

A

They aren’t used up in the reaction and so can be used repeatedly

20
Q

Outline why changing one of the amino acids that make up the active site could prevent the enzyme from functioning

A

The changed amino acid may no longer bind to the substrate, which will then not be positioned correctly, if at all, in the active site

21
Q

Explain why changing certain amino acids that aren’t taking part of the active site also prevents the enzyme from functioning

A
  • The changed amino acid may be one that forms hydrogen bonds with other amino acids
  • if the new amino acid doesn’t form hydrogen bonds the tertiary structure of the enzyme will change, including the active site, so that the substrate nay no longer fit
22
Q

Explain why enzymes function less well at lower temps

A
  • To function, enzymes must physically collide with their substrate
  • lower temps decrease the kinetic energy of both enzyme and substrate molecules, which then move around less quickly
  • they hence collide less often and therefore react less frequently
23
Q

Explain how high temps may completely prevent enzymes from functioning

A
  • The heat causes hydrogen and other bonds in the enzyme molecule to break
  • The tertiary structure of the enzyme molecule changes, as does the active site
  • the substrate no longer fits in the active site
24
Q

Enzymes produced by microorganisms are responsible for spoiling food. using this fact and your knowledge of enzymes, deduce why each of the following procedures are carried out:
A - food is heated to a high temp before being canned
B - Some foods, such as onions, are preserved in vinegar

A

A - High temps denature the enzymes and so they can’t spoil food
B - Vinegar is very acidic and the very low pH will denature the enzymes and so preserve the food

25
Q

Calculate the pH of a solution that has a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.0001 M

A
  • pH = 4
26
Q

Different conditions affect how enzymes work. Name one that might vary between one organelle and another

A
  • pH / substrate conc. (not temp)
27
Q

Suggest why enzymes are attached to the inner membrane of an organelle ‘in a very precise sequence’

A
  • in a metabolic pathway
  • the product of 1 reaction acts as the substrate for the next reaction
  • By having the enzymes in appropriate sequence there is a greater chance of each enzyme coming into contact with its substrate than if enzymes are floating freely in the organelle
  • this is a more efficient means of producing the Ned product
28
Q

If an end product inhibits enzyme B rather than enzyme A, predict what would be:
A - the initial effect on the concentration of intermediate 1
B- the overall longer term effect on the concentration of the end product

A

A - it would increase
B - it would be unchanged

29
Q

Suggest one advantage of end-product inhibition being non-competitive rather than competitive. relate your answer to how the two types of inhibition take place

A

ADV - the level of the end product doesn’t fluctuate with changes in the level of substrate
Explanation:
- Non-competitive inhibition occurs at a site on the enzyme other than active site
- Hence its not affected by the substrate conc.
- therefore changes in level of substrate doesn’t affect the inhibition of the enzyme, nor the normal level of the end product
- If it were competitive, changes in level of substrate would affect end product molecules combining with active site, resulting in fluctuating of the degree of inhibition AND level of end product

30
Q

Distinguish between a competitive and a non-competitive inhibitor

A

Competitive inhibitors occupy the active site of an enzyme while non-competitive inhibitors attach to the enzyme at a site other than the active site

31
Q

An enzyme-controlled reaction is inhibited by substance X. Suggest a simple way in which you could tell whether substance X is acting as a competitive or a non-competitive inhibitor

A
  • Increase the substrate conc.
  • if the degree of inhibition is reduced = competitive inhibitor
  • if it stays the same = non-competitive inhibitor