Summary of Transport Modes Flashcards
large consumers of space with the lowest level of
physical constraints among transportation modes.
* average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve
several purposes but are rarely able to move
outside roads
* high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and
infrastructures.
* with ___, road transportation has
become a crucial link in freight distribution.
Road Transport, Containerization
- 46,800 miles as of 2005
- Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of
Interstate and Defense Highways
Interstate Highway System: USA
Impacts of Interstate Highway System: USA
- Mobile and motorized society
- Suburbanization
- Corridors of Circulation: BosWash and other
urban areas - National Comparative advantage
- nationally coordinated motorway system in
Germany. - Officially called ____: federal
expressways
Autobahn, Bundesautobahn
- average level of physical constrains linked to the
types of locomotives - low gradient is required, particularly for freight.
- containerization improved flexibility by linking it
with road and maritime modes - offers the highest capacity in land transport with a
23,000 tons fully loaded coal unit train being the
heaviest load ever carried. - Gauges, however, vary around the world, often
complicating the integration of rail systems.
Rail Transport
- Also known as the “Bullet train”
- Japan’s core of rail transportation network
- Each line has its own name (Tokaido, Tohoku etc.)
- Each type of train is identified by a name (Nozomi,
Hikari etc.) - In the almost 40 years since it opened, the
____ network has carried over 6 billion
passengers without a single major accident - The ____ network boasts not only high speed
-up to 300 kilometers per hour-, but also high
frequency.
Shinkansen
- Trains with different capacities for taking people in
and out of France - These trains have varying speeds and cater to
people from all walks of life provided that they have
the Schengen Visa used in most E.U. countries.
Train a Grand Vitesse (TGV)
____ is a major feature of
Singapore MRT.
EZ Link Card and Reader
- A converted TGV Atlantique with a Spanish
component - The High-speed train of Spain
- Operates at speeds of up to 300 km/h (186 mph)
Alta Velocidad Espanola
This country’s railway was built through initial expansion; contraction and new technology is apparent in ___, unlike that of Africa’s highly interconnected and
incorporated railway system.
Japan
This country has a complex interconnected network
routes, it can travel cross-country specifically from/to
Malaysia. (do not use speed train for cross-country).
Singapore
These countries’ TGV’s may be slower than Japan’s Shinkansen but has more complex network because it
can travel cross-country. They are designed for comfort
of the passengers (fully furbished). The TGV in France’s counterpart in Spain is the ___.
France and Spain, AVE
- most effective mode to move large quantities of
cargo over long distances. - due to the location of economic activities maritime
circulation takes place on specific parts of the
maritime space, particularly over the North Atlantic
and the North Pacific. - The construction of channels, locks and dredging
are attempts to facilitate maritime circulation by
reducing discontinuity. - has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures
are among the most expensive to build, maintain
and improve. - High inventory costs also characterize ____.
- More than any other mode, ____ is linked to heavy industries, such as
steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port
sites
Shipping, Maritime Transportation, Maritime Transportation
- It is the most impacted by globalization
- However, it is remained unnoticed by general public
- Last decade, the expansion of international trade is
faster than economic growth - ___ is the core of international
distribution in terms of long distance at low cost. - One of the MOST GLOBALIZED Industry
International Maritime Transport, Maritime Transport
Two main segments of International Maritime Transport:
- Modes
- Terminals
- Flexible in their spatial allocation
- Shipping lines have a level of flexibility in terms of:
- route selection, frequency and level of services
- Shipping lines have taken access by investing
directly in terminal facilities and securing access in
the hinterlands
Modes
- Locations
- Fixed capacity that if not used can imply serious
financial consequences - Ports as locations where maritime and land traffic
converges - More than 4,500 commercial ports around the
world - Only a small share handles significant amount of
traffic
Terminals
points of convergence and divergence and
constrained by the physical characteristics of their sites which can impair port operations though
maritime access can be mitigated by dredging,
construction of docks, quays etc. such as:
Ports:
1. Land Access
2. Maritime Access
- establishment of subsidiary
companies which serves as a tool for port operators to
take control of terminals - a long term lease of port facilities involving the
requirement that concessionaire undertakes capital
investments to build, expand, or maintain the cargo
handling facilities, equipment and infra
Concession Agreement
Manages terminal
facilities in almost every single major port around the
world
* Hutchinson Port Holdings (Hong Kong)
* APM Terminal (Danish Shipping Line, Maersk)
* Port of Singapore Authority (Singapore)
* Dubai Ports World (UAE)
* Peninsular & Oriental Ports (UK)
Global Ports Operators
Considered as
functionally integrated networks of production, trade,
service activities that cover all supply chain, from the
transformation of raw materials through intermediate
manufacturing stages , to the delivery of a finished
good to a market
Global Commodity Chains
Factors affecting GCC:
- Global transport and telecommunication skills
- Information technologies
- Liberalization of trade
- Multinational corporation
____ Measured in ____: the amount of cargo that can be loaded on an
“empty” ship, without exceeding its operational design
limits. This limit is often identified as a loadline, which is
the maximal draft of the ship.
Maritime Freight, Deadweight Tons
– unpackaged freight, dry or liquid
such as minerals and grains.
* Uses specialized ships
* Single origin, destination, client, prone to
economies of scale
Bulk Cargo
packaged general cargo,
uses drums, bags, and boxes
* Containerization
* numerous origin, destination and clients
Break-bulk Cargo
Shipping: DRAWBACK
* ___ – average speed of 15 knots (26km/hr)
* ___ - loading and unloading, constraining for
short distance & rapid transport
Slow, Delays
passenger ferries or cruise ships
Passenger Vessels
designed to carry specific
commodities; either liquid or dry ___
* ___– ultra large crude carriers: 500,000dwt
Bulk Carriers, UCC
- Completed in 1986, 365,000 dwt, 343m length
- ___: the only European port that can
accommodate such size, 5 days to unload
Berge Stahl, Rotterdam
for non-bulk cargoes
* Traditional type is 10,000 dwt
* Containerships with 80,000 dwt
General Cargo Ship
designed to allow cars, trucks & trains to be
loaded directly onboard
RORO
- Major advantage is speed: offset of its limitations
(operating costs, fuel, limited carrying capacity) - Technology towards growth of capacity, range of
aircraft, but not speed - Supersonic speed anticipated with the development
of this aircraft. The plane was removed from service
in 2003 - Air routes are practically unlimited, but they
are denser over the North Atlantic, inside North
America and Europe and over the North Pacific. - Air activities are linked to the tertiary and
quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism,
which lean on the long distance mobility of people. - More recently, ___ has been
accommodating growing quantities of high value
freight and is playing a growing role in global
logistics.
Air Transport
- Paved the way for global air transport alliance,
Low Cost carriers and the emerging ____?
Globalization, Liberalization, and Sustainability, Hub and Spoke Network
PASSENGER JET PLANES
1. ____: aka regional jets, serves
smaller markets & feed hub airports; 30-100
passengers
2. ____: used for high demand
regional services. Airbus A320, 3700km B-737
3. ____: capable of crossing oceans and
linking continents; 17400 km
Short-Range Aircraft, Medium-Range Aircraft, Long-Range Aircraft
Great freedom of route choice: ___, but is more constrained as well due to physical
conditions, such as:
* atmospheric winds or jet streams
* Enhance speed
* Reduce fuel consumption
* Political corridors: freedom rights
Air Transport, Air Space
Freedom Rights:
* The right to fly over a foreign country without landing
- First Freedom Right
The transport of goods or passengers between two places in the same country. The term originally applied to shipping along coastal routes, port to port, but now applies to aviation, railways, and road transport as well.
Cabotage
- 5 ____ were designed but a multilateral
agreement went only as far as the first 2 rights - ____ were not automatically granted to an
airline as a right, they are privileges that had to be
negotiated - The 3rd and 4th ____ are the basis for
direct commercial services, providing the right to
load and unload passengers and freight in another
country
Freedom Rights
- US Air Deregulation Act of 1978 put an end to fixed
markets and opened the industry for competition - Alliances developed: voluntary agreements to
enhance the competitive positions of the partners - Members benefit from greater scale economies,
lowering costs and sharing risks while remaining
commercially independent - First major alliance was established in 1989
between KLM and Northwest airlines - Star alliance was initiated in 1993 between
Lufthansa and United Airlines - 1996, British Airlines and American Airlines formed
the “One World” alliance - Mergers and acquisitions: largest is between Air
France and KLM who are members of the Sky Team
Alliance
Global Air Alliances
- each mode has key operational and commercial
advantages and properties. - However, contemporary demand is influenced
by ___ that require
maximum flexibility.
*___ exists at various degrees and
takes several dimensions.
Integrated Transportation Systems, Modal Competition
Competition that involves the
comparative advantage of using a specific or a
combination of modes. Distance remains one of the
basic determinants of modal usage for passengers
transportation. However, for a similar distance, costs,
speed and comfort can be significant factors behind the
choice of a mode.
Modal Usage
Competition resulting
from the presence of freight and passenger traffic on
the same itineraries linking the same nodes.
Infrastructure Usage
Competition being experienced
between transport terminals for using new space
(terminal relocation or expansion) or capturing new
markets (hinterland).
Market Area
Most modes have developed to handle both freight
and traffic: NOT THAT EASY due to modal
competition
* Ex. Truck Ban
Passenger or Freight
ADVANTAGES OF JOINT OPERATIONS:
* ____ can be justified and amortized
more easily with a diverse revenue stream
* ____ can be spread over a wider base
* The same modes or traction sources can be used
for ___, particularly for
rail.
*High Capital Costs
*Maintenance Costs
*Both Freight and Passengers
DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT OPERATIONS:
- Locations of demand rarely match
- Frequency of demand is different
- Timing of service
- Traffic balance
- Reliability
- Sharing routes favors passenger traffic
- Different operational speeds
- Security screening measures for passengers and
freight require totally different procedures.
- The right to land in a foreign country for non-traffic purposes, like refueling or maintenance
*Second Freedom Right
- The right to carry passengers or cargo from your home country to a foreign country
*Third Freedom Right
- The right to carry passengers or cargo from a foreign country to your home country
*Fourth Freedom Right
- The right to pick up and discharge passengers or cargo from a third country in another country’s territory
*Fifth Freedom Right
the “unofficial” freedom to carry traffic between two foreign countries via the carrier’s home country by combining third and fourth freedoms.
*Sixth Freedom Right
The freedom to base aircraft in a foreign country for use on international services, establishing a de facto foreign hub. Covers the right to operate passenger services between two countries outside the home country.
*Seventh Freedom Right
The freedom to carry traffic between two domestic points in a foreign country on a flight that either originated in or is destined for the carrier’s home country. Also referred to as “____” privileges. It involves the right to move passengers on a route from a home country to a destination country that uses more than one stop along which passengers may be loaded and unloaded.
*Eight Freedom Right, Cabotage
The freedom to carry traffic between two domestic points in a foreign country without a flight continuing on to an airline’s home country. This freedom is also referred to as “___” or “___” privileges.
*Ninth Freedom Right, Full Cabotage, Open-Skies Privilege
