Summary Lecture Flashcards
Iron’s alternate names?
Ferrous iron (fe2+) ferric iron (fe3+)
Recommended daily intake of iron for athletes?
15-18mg
What are the few functions of iron?
- oxygen delivery (Hb and myoglobin)
- part of numerous oxidative enzymes
- aerobic metabolism
Food sources of iron?
- Meat
- Fish
- Poultry
- Shellfish
- Legumes/dark leafy vege/dried fruit (less amount)
- cast-iron cookware increases iron content
What happens in iron deficiency?
- fatigue
- lower infection resistance
- lower energy metabolism (possible hypothermia)
What are the aetiological factors in menstrual disorders in athletes?
- abnormal levels of hormones
- LH pulsatility
- low EA
- exercise stress
What is FHA?
functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
what happens in FHA?
rapid/significant fat mass reduction as short as 1 month (may compromise menstrual function)
what metabolic hormone and substrate levels can be affected by low EA?
insulin cortisol growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) 3,3,5-triiodothyronine ghrelin leptin other mediators glucose fatty acids ketones
In what changes does a generation of immune response occur during exhaustive exercise?
- homeostasis
- temperature control
- hydration status
- stress hormone production
- muscle damage
Which contraction is more damaging: eccentric or concentric?
eccentric
What do damaging eccentric contractions lead to?
- inflammation
- soreness
- nutritional implication
What can possibly trigger immune cells (e.g. macrophage)? [4 answers]
- dehydration
- elevated body temperature
- stress hormones (Cortisol/catecholamines)
- tissue damage (muscles)
what are 2 stress hormones?
cortisol
catecholamines
what are some proinflammatory cytokines?
IL-1
IL-6
TNFa
name an acute phase protein:
C-reactive protein (CRP)
alternate names for vitamin c?
ascorbic acid
ascorbate
dehydroascorbate
l-ascorbate
daily DRI vit c (dietary reference intake) for male and female?
male: 90mg
female: 75mg
daily recommended vit c intake for athletes?
200mg
what are the functions of vit c?
collagen formation
iron absorption
epinephrine formation
antioxidant
what are good food sources of vit c?
fresh fruits (particularly citrus and cherries) vegetables
what deficiency occurs in lack of vit c?
scurvy (rare)
what happens which vit c reaches toxicity?
increased risk of kidney stone formation with chronic intake of 1g/day or more
What are the tolerable limits of vit c for young children (age 1-8)?
500-650mg/day
what are the tolerable limits of vit c for children and adults (age 9-70+)?
1.2-2.0g/day
What specific markers can be used to investigate presence of muscle damage?
creatine kinase
myoglobin
(their presence in blood indicates ‘leakage’)
what is the thin filament in muscle fibre called?
actin
what is the thick filament in muscle fibre called?
myosin
define a myofibril or fibril:
complex organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments
what protein links up the z discs?
desmin protein
what protein links the thin filaments to the sarcolemma?
dystrophin protein
what protein up-regulates in response to lack of dystrophin?
utrophin
explain what happens to the muscles during eccentric exercise:
- the contracting muscle is forcibly lengthened
- eccentric contraction slows/stops muscles
what happens as a muscle feature of eccentric exercise in untrained subjects?
the muscle becomes stiff/sore the day afterwards because of the damage to muscle fibres
What can eccentric contractions eventually lead to?
- significant muscle damage
- loss of function/force production
- activation of inflammatory process with symptoms such as pain/soreness/swelling
Name 4 effects of extreme eccentric exercise:
- process of damage and repair
- loss of functional cells
- infiltration with immune cells
- tissue repair
Which gender oxidises more fat during exercise?
women
