Summary Flashcards
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
True or False: Water is a polar molecule.
True
What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
Covalent bond
Fill in the blank: The process by which cells divide to form two daughter cells is called __________.
Mitosis
What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
Protein synthesis
Which type of bond is formed between oppositely charged ions?
Ionic bond
What are the four primary biomolecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
True or False: All cells have a nucleus.
False
What is the term for a molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed?
Catalyst
What is the function of the cell membrane?
To regulate the entry and exit of substances
What is the primary energy currency of the cell?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
Fill in the blank: The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the __________.
DNA
What is the process of converting mRNA into a protein called?
Translation
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons unevenly, leading to a partial charge?
Polar covalent bond
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
True or False: Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
True
What is the structural component of the cell wall in plant cells?
Cellulose
What process do cells use to take in large particles?
Endocytosis
What is the main function of the mitochondria?
Energy production through cellular respiration
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the control center of the cell.
Nucleus
What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion is the movement of solutes; osmosis is the movement of water.
What is the term for the genetic material found in cells?
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
What is a phospholipid?
A lipid molecule with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, forming cell membranes.
True or False: All living organisms are composed of cells.
True
What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
What does the term ‘cellular respiration’ refer to?
The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Fill in the blank: The __________ phase of the cell cycle is when the cell grows and prepares for division.
Interphase
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
To synthesize proteins and lipids.
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or function.
True or False: Lipids are soluble in water.
False
What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
To conduct photosynthesis in plant cells.
What is the name of the process by which DNA is replicated?
DNA replication
What is the primary component of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the fluid component inside the cell, excluding the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
What is the role of the cytoskeleton?
To provide structural support and shape to the cell.
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
What is a stem cell?
A cell that has the potential to develop into many different cell types.
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the site of ribosome production.
Nucleolus
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
True or False: All enzymes are proteins.
True
What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
What is the process by which cells release energy from glucose called?
Cellular respiration
Fill in the blank: The __________ phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes in the center of the cell.
Metaphase
What is the term for the outermost layer of a plant cell?
Cell wall
What is the role of DNA polymerase?
To synthesize new DNA strands during replication.
True or False: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes.
True
What is the function of lysosomes?
To digest and break down waste materials and cellular debris.
What is the primary function of the vacuole in plant cells?
To store nutrients and maintain turgor pressure.
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a network of proteins that helps maintain cell shape.
Cytoskeleton
What is a chromosome?
A structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information.
