SUGER ILA formative

Question 1

which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the kidneys?
A. Pelvis
B. Mediastinum
C. Abdomen
D. Peritoneal cavity
E. Retroperitoneal space

Answer 1

E. retroperitoneal space

Question 2

which of the following is true of urine production and flow?
A. Urine is formed at the rate of 125mls/min
B. urine flows from the kidney to the bladder via the urethra
C. urine passes through the ureter by peristalsis
D. The proximal tubules of several nephrons join to form the collecting duct
E. The detrusor muscle is under conscious control

Answer 2

C. Urine passes through the ureter by peristalsis

Question 3

The ureter is lined by:
A. squamous epithelium
B. podocytes
C. ciliated columnar epithelium 
D. transitional epithelium 
E. urinary epithelium

Answer 3

D. transitional epithelium

Question 4

The outermost layer of the kidney is the:
A. Medulla
B Capsule
C. Pelvis
D. Calyx
E. Cortex

Answer 4

B. Capsule

Question 5

how much of the cardiac output passes through the kidney?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 65%
E. 90%

Answer 5

B. 25% - calling bull swear it was 20%

Question 6

which of the following is not found in the glomerular filtrate of a healthy individual?
A. glucose
B. uric acid
C. creatinine 
D. albumin
E. potassium

Answer 6

D. albumin

Question 7

Renin is secreted in response to what?
A. high K+
B. low Na+
C. high Na+
D. low albumin
E. high urea

Answer 7

B. low sodium

Question 8

Angiotensin 1 is converted by renin from:
A. Angiotensin converting enzyme
B. aldosterone
C. preangiotensin
D. angiotensin 2
E. angiotensinogen

Answer 8

E. Angiotensinogen

Question 9

which of the following is most true concerning aldosterone?
A. Secretion is directly stimulated by circulating renin
B. It increases the permeability of collecting ducts to water
C. It is synthesised by the glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex
D. It stimulates Na+/K+ ATPase activity in the PCt
E. It promotes loss of Na+ and H2O in the body

Answer 9

C. it is synthesised by the glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex

Question 10

ADH hormone causes a large increase of aquaporin channels where?
A. PCT
B. Glomerulus 
C. Descending loop of henle 
D. Ascending loop of henle
E. Collecting ducts

Answer 10

E. collecting ducts - principal cells

Question 11

dude in motorbike accident. U+Es taken. His creatinine is 250 and urea is 25. He has an acute kidney injury. by what mechanism has this process occured?
A. Intoxication
B. Hypovolaemia
C. handlebar injury 
D. seizure
E.obstructive uraemia

Answer 11

B. hypovolaemia

Question 12

Which of the following is false regarding disordered bone mineral metabolism in CKD.
A. The kidney converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol
B. PTH promotes reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys
C. PTH is produced in response to hypercalcaemia
D. uncontrolled production of PTH is known as tertiary hyperparathyroidism
E. vit D promotes intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate

Answer 12

C. PTH is produced in response to hypercalcaemia - its produced in repsonse to low Ca2+ levels

Question 13

what is the mechanism of anaemia in CKD?
A. Protein loss by kidney preventing globin formation
B. Bone marrow suppression by uraemia
C. Iron deficiency
D. Reduced EPO production
E. Excess loss of folate and B12 cofactors

Answer 13

D. reduced production of EPO