Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Funmed > sugars and polysaccharides > Flashcards

sugars and polysaccharides Flashcards

1
Q

what part of plants harvests energy (photons) from sun

A

chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what process produces carbohydrates

A

photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what ratio of CHO are carbohydrates in

A

1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

monosaccharides contain 3-? carbons

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of bond is HC=O

A

aldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of bond is C=O

A

ketone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mirror images of a chiral molecule are called

A

enantiomers/ optical isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 enantiomers of glucose

A

D and L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which glucose is a laxative and why

A

L-glucose cannot be digested so it remains in the gut lumen and reaches the colon where it binds to water by osmosis, changes water content so softens stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

monosaccharides with 5-6 carbons from what type of structure

A

cyclic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what carbon does the ketone/aldhyde group react with in a ring

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cylization of glucose produces a new asymmetric centre at which C

A

c1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which is the anomeric carbon in glucose

A

c1 (functional group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which D-glucose anomer a or b has CH20H and OH on same side

A

beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what form of glucose is most stable

A

b-D-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which form of glucose is highest energy conformation

A

D-glucose straight chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 4 monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 3 disaccharides

A 
glc+glc= maltose
glc+frc= sucrose
glc+gal= galactose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

anomers a and b are called

A

stereoisomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

anomers are recognised by _ enzymes

A

different enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

disaccharides are joined by what type of bond

A

glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glycosidic bond is what type of bond

A

covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a glycosidic bond is between what groups

A

2 OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what type of reaction joins monosaccharides to make di/poly

A

dehydration (water is lost)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what enzyme is used to make a glycosidic bond

A

glycosyl transferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how many specific glycosyl transferases are there

A

> 250

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what glycosidic bond is in sucrose

A

a-1,2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what glycosidic bond is in lactose

A

b-1,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what glycosidic bond is in maltose

A

a-1,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is 3-10 monosaccharides joined together

A

oligosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

example of oligosaccharide found in cruciferous vegetable eg. broccoli, Brussel sprouts

A

Raffinose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Raffinose is made up of what

A

Gal-Glc-Fru

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

humans don’t have enzyme to break down raffinose but microbiome does, this is called a _ relationship

A

symbiotic relationship- bacteria break them down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

galacto-oligosacc and fructo-oligosaccharides are examples of what

A

prebiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

heparin and blood group antigens are examples of what

A

oligosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

polysaccharides contain >? monosaccharides

A

> 10

37
Q

starch, glycogen and cellulose are polymers of what

A

glucose

38
Q

2 types of starch and their bonds

A

amylose (a-1,4)

amylopectin (a-1,4 and 1,6)

39
Q

glycogen bonds

A

a-1,4 and 1,6

40
Q

cellulose bonds

A

b-1,4 glycosidic bonds

41
Q

what enzyme in digestive tract hydrolyses glc a-1,4 bonds of glycogen but NOT glc b-1,4 in cellulose

A

amylase

42
Q

what glycosidic bond is branching and which polysaccharides have it

A

a-1,6

glycogen, amylopectin

43
Q

what is the core protein in glycogen

A

glycogenic

44
Q

what is glycogenic surrounded by

A

glucose units

45
Q

carbohydrates consumed raises blood glucose levels causing release of what

A

insulin

46
Q

what does insulin act on to stimulate what

A

hepatocytes to stimulate glycogen synthase

47
Q

glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen when insulin and glucose levels are high/low

A

high

48
Q

what enzyme breaks down glycogen for energy

A

glycogen phosphorylase

49
Q

when all the monosaccharides are the same the polysaccharide is called and different

A

homopolysaccharide/ homoglycan (e.g glycogen)

heteropolysaccharide/heteroglycans (mucopolysacc)

50
Q

which 2 polysaccharides have branching

A

cellulose and amylopectin

51
Q

sugar modifications replace which group

A

OH

52
Q

what enzyme phosphorylates glucose to glc-6-phosphate

A

hexokinase

53
Q

what sugar modification is important in metabolism of sugars

A

phosphorylation

54
Q

what process enables metabolism of glucose / fructose

A

glycolysis

55
Q

phosphorylation of glucose makes

A

glucose-6-phosphate

56
Q

the 1st step in glycolysis is

A

phosphorylation of glucose

57
Q

what does glycolysis do

A

enables metabolism of glucose (6C) to pyruvate (3C)

58
Q

what do you replace OH with to get an amino sugar

A

NH2

59
Q

what are 3 uses of amino sugars

A

precursor in lipid biosynthesis, glycoprotein formation part of the structure chitin (insects) and bacterial cell wall

60
Q

what enzyme is used for glycosylatoin

A

glycosyl transferase

61
Q

what is glycosylation used for in ER

A

tags proteins with sugars

62
Q

activity of different _ leads to generation of different end-group sugars containing amino sugars

A

glyscosyl transferases

63
Q

different glycosylation determines different _ - antigen

A

blood group

64
Q

the response to antigen in blood group is

A

agglutination

65
Q

addition of what gives sulphated sugars

A

SO4

66
Q

sulphated sugars are common constituents of _ in the ECM

A

glycosaminoglycans GAGs

67
Q

what properties do sulphate groups on GAGs give

A

highly negatively charged, bind water (hydrophilic) and hence withstand pressure

68
Q

example of GAG

A

cartilage

69
Q

what is the sulphated polysaccharide produced by endothelial cells at sites of damage to blood vessels

A

heparin

70
Q

what is heparin known for

A

anticoagulant/ blood thinner discovered 1916

71
Q

what does heparin consist of

A

variably sulphated repeating dissacharide units (of 2-O-sulphated iduronic acid and 6-O-sulphated N-sulphated glucosamine)

72
Q

heparin prevents what

A

coagulation

73
Q

antithrombin is a good/ bad inhibitor or the blood coagulation factor Xa and thrombin

A

bad

74
Q

heparin binding to antithrombin bound to Xa is sufficient to enhance by over _times the rate at which factor Xa and thrombin can be inhibited

A

100 times

75
Q

antithrombin mainly inhibits _ and _

A

Xa and IIa

76
Q

heparin and antithrombin prevent formation of

A

clot

77
Q

addition of lipid group forms

A

glycolipids

78
Q

what is a glycolipid

A

lipid with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond

79
Q

glycolypids maintain what in the cell membrane and facilates what

A

stability and cellular recognition (crucial to immune response)

80
Q

what is an example of a microbial pattern recognition receptor of the innate response

A

Toll-like receptors TLR4

81
Q

what does TLR4 respond to

A

Lipopolysaccharide from microbes

82
Q

what does TLR4 do

A

activates an inflammatory and immune response which produce anti-LPS(liposaccharide) antibodies that are bactericidal

83
Q

TLR4 are part of which immune response

A

innate

84
Q

what stimulates innate immunity by LPS

A

TLR4

85
Q

where is TLR4 present

A

bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells- destroy bacteria in blood vessels

86
Q

replacing OH with O gives what type of sugar

A

deoxy-sugar

87
Q

example of deoxy-sugar

A

deoxyribose

88
Q

ribose(RNA) to deoxyribose(DNA) uses what enzyme

A

ribonucleotide reductase RNR

89
Q

the backbone of DNA is a repeated pattern of a _ group and a _group

A

sugar and phosphate

Funmed (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions