Sugars and carbs

Question 1

What are sugars associated with?

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

What molecules do proteins for e.g the DNA structure have?

Answer 2

Sugar molecule

Question 3

What is meant by an O and N linked glycoprotein?

Answer 3

Attachment of sugars through Oxygen or nitrogen

Question 4

# Define: 
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

Answer 4

Mono - 1 molecule of sugar
Di - 2 molecules of sugar
Poly - 3 or more molecules of sugar

Question 5

What are polysaccharides also known as ?

Answer 5

Carbs

Question 6

What are
Trioses
Pentoses
Hexoses

Answer 6

Tri - sugars made of/having 3 carbons
Pent - 5 carbons
Hex - has 6 carbons

Question 7

What does the dash bond mean
What does the wedged bond mean?

Answer 7

Dash - (with dotted lines ) - going away

Wedge -(coloured in like wedge potato 🥔) - coming to you

Question 8

What is the differences between monosaccharides D &L Glyceraldehyde

Answer 8

Diff on chiral C on OH group. They are non-superimposable thus not identical

Question 9

Why is sugar a good preservative

Answer 9

Has a strong osmotic fx

Question 10

What differentiates hexoses from other sugar molecules

Answer 10

OH group on RHS & LHS - that’s what differentiates them from each other

Question 11

What functional group is on the end of all sugar molecules

Answer 11

CHO
I.e O=C-H

Question 12

What do pentoses and hexoses live between

Answer 12

Linear and cyclical forms

Question 13

Explain why pentoses and hexoses lie between linear and cyclical forms

Answer 13

There is an eq. Btwn liner and cyclical form but more likely 2b in cyclical form.

Question 14

What interaction occurs in hexoses to make, it cyclical

Answer 14

Interaction btwn C-1 & C-5 joining together via O in btwn them to make them cyclical

Question 15

Whatmakes the hexose Fructose different?

Answer 15

C-2 joins with C-5 thro’ O instead to make cyclical form

Question 16

What are saccharides important for

Answer 16

DNA & RNA

Question 17

Name 4 Common hexoses in foods and bio prods

Answer 17

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose

Question 18

What makes the hexoses different

Answer 18

They differ by the rel. Pos. of OH groups

Question 19

How does glucose act as a reducing sug.

Answer 19

Sugar in linear form react with Cu & lead to Cu2O and reacting with H2O

Question 20

Why are sugar phosphates important

Answer 20

Imp. Intermediates of metabolic pathways

Question 21

Why is sucrose a non-reducing sugar

Answer 21

Interaction is btwn C-1 and C-2
2C’s with C=O bcos both involved in btwn the2 bonds so cannot linearise thus cannot reduce (boost linearsise has 2b where C=O is).

Question 22

Give 3 e.gs of sugars / polysaccharides

Answer 22

Starch, amylose, cellulose

Question 23

Give 2 roles of sugars

Answer 23

energy storage
Structural

Question 24

What do sugars vary in

Answer 24

Type of glyosidic bond

Question 25

Compare glycogen to amylose

Answer 25

Glycogen - glucose based - alpha 1-4 bond btwn them

&

Multibranch structure of glycogen

Amylose - linear form only-alpha 1-4 bond

Question 26

Where is glycogen predominantly stored?

Answer 26

In liver and muscles

Question 27

why can’t we digest cellulose?

Answer 27

we don’t have the enzyme to break down the Beta glycosidic bond / 1-4 chain in cellulose

Question 28

what is the main difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergy ?

Answer 28

Lactose intolerance:
They lack the enzyme: lactase to break down lactose sugar in milk

Vs

Milk allergy:
Immune system attacks the protein in milk: casein and whey

Question 29

what does lactose get broken down into &by what

Answer 29

Lactose gets broken down D- galactose & D-glucose by lactase enzyme