sugars

Question 1

biologically active form of carbohydrates

Answer 1

D (dextrorotatory) - OH on right

Question 2

aldotriose

Answer 2

glyceraldehyde

Question 3

aldotetrose

Answer 3

erythrose

Question 4

aldopentoses

Answer 4

xylose
arabinose
ribose

Question 5

aldohexoses

Answer 5

galactose
mannose
glucose

Question 6

ketotriose

Answer 6

dihydroxyacetone

Question 7

ketopentoses

Answer 7

xyulose

ribulose

Question 8

ketohexose

Answer 8

fructose

Question 9

ketoheptulose

Answer 9

sedoheptulose

Question 10

enanitomers

Answer 10

nonsuperimposable mirror image that have at least one chiral center

Question 11

racemic mixture

Answer 11

equal amounts of 2 enanitomers; optically inactive

Question 12

diastereomers

Answer 12

stereoisomers that are not mirror images

Question 13

epimers

Answer 13

diastereomers that different around one chiral center

Question 14

alpha configuration of haworth projection

Answer 14

OH down

Question 15

beta configuration of haworth projection

Answer 15

OH up

Question 16

mutarotation

Answer 16

inter conversion between alpha and beta forms

Question 17

dehydration synthesis

Answer 17

builds carbohydrates by the covalent interaction of glycosidic bonds between monosaccharides

Question 18

sugar phosphate esters

Answer 18

addition of a phosphate group (PO3 2-) to a monosaccharide

Question 19

aldonic acid

Answer 19

oxidation of aldehyde group of aldose sugars to produce carboxyl group

Question 20

uronic acid

Answer 20

oxidation of 1 (primary) hydroxyl group of monosaccharide to carboxyl group

Question 21

lactones

Answer 21

internal esterification of monosaccharide derivatives to form 5 and 6 member rings

Question 22

alditols

Answer 22

reduction of aldose or ketose carbonyl to hydroxyl group

Question 23

deoxy-sugars

Answer 23

one monosaccharide hydroxyl group is replaces with H atom

Question 24

amino sugars

Answer 24

hydroxyl group of monosaccharide is replaces with amine group

Question 25

sucrose

Answer 25

glucose + fructose alpha-beta(1-2) glycosidic bond NON reducing sugar

Question 26

maltose

Answer 26

glucose + glucose alpha(1-4) glycosidic bond reducing sugar hydrolysis of starch via diastases enzymes

Question 27

lactose

Answer 27

galactose + glucose beta(1-4) glycosidic bond reducing sugar

Question 28

cellobiose

Answer 28

glucose + glucose beta(1-4) glycosidic bond reducing sugar partial hydrolysis of cellulose

Question 29

glucan

Answer 29

polysaccharide made of ONLY glucose

Question 30

starch

Answer 30

storage in plants helical structures 2 main types: amylose and amylopectin

Question 31

amylose

Answer 31

unbranched alpha(1-4) glycosidic bond one reducing end, one non-reducing

Question 32

amylopectin

Answer 32

same as amylose, except branched branching = alpha(1-6) glycosidic bonds branch every 24-30 residues

Question 33

glycogen

Answer 33

storage in animals branching every 8-12 residues 3D helical structure

Question 34

where is glycogen stored? and what does it do?

Answer 34

skeletal muscle - fuel for muscle action | liver - regulates blood glucose levels

Question 35

how is glycogen regulated?

Answer 35

by pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon

Question 36

insulin

Answer 36

stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen formation

Question 37

glucagon

Answer 37

stimulates glycogen breakdown

Question 38

cellulose

Answer 38

major key for cell walls beta(1-4) glycosidic bond HUMANS CANNOT DIGEST

Question 39

peptidoglycan

Answer 39

bacterial cell wall beta(1-4) glycosidic bond cross linked by peptides

Question 40

lysozyme

Answer 40

breaks down peptidoglycan via hydrolyzing beat(1-4) bond

Question 41

where is lysozyme found?

Answer 41

tears, saliva, milk, and mucus

Question 42

penicillin and other beta-lactams do what?

Answer 42

prevent peptide cross linkage in peptidoglycan

Question 43

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Answer 43

unbranched, repeating disaccharide alternating uronic acid and reducing sugars major key for ECM

Question 44

examples of GAG's

Answer 44

hyraluronan dermatologist keratin sulfate heparin

Question 45

glucoconjugates

Answer 45

carbohydrate covalently bound to a protein or lipid; biologically active

Question 46

proteoglycans

Answer 46

"core" protein with GAG chains attached via trisaccharide bridge to serine residue of protein

Question 47

where are proteoglycans found?

Answer 47

cell surface or ECM | important in cell differentiation and collagen formation

Question 48

glycoproteins

Answer 48

proteins with one or more oligosaccharides joined covalently

Question 49

o-linked

Answer 49

oligosaccharide attached to OH of serine or threonine | *golgi apparatus

Question 50

n-linked

Answer 50

attached to amide N atom of asparagine | *RER

Question 51

glycosylation

Answer 51

process of adding carbohydrate groups

Question 52

glycolipids

Answer 52

lipids with attached carbohydrate chain

Question 53

where are glycolipids found? what are they bound to?

Answer 53

found mainly nerve cells | bound to cceramide

Question 54

gangliosides

Answer 54

glycoshingolipid dervied from glucosylceramide containing 1 or more sialic acid

Question 55

lipopolysaccharide

Answer 55

on gram negative bacteria | endotoxins to humans

Question 56

sugar code

Answer 56

cells use specific oligosaccharide says carriers of secondary biological information

Question 57

lectins

Answer 57

proteins that read the sugar code