Sugars

Question 1

Aldo-

Answer 1

Aldehyde (rCOH)

Question 2

Keto-

Answer 2

Ketone (rCOr)

Question 3

Anomeric carbon

Answer 3

2 bonds to O or N

Question 4

Aldose anomeric carbon

Answer 4

C-1

Question 5

Ketose anomeric carbon

Answer 5

C-2

Question 6

Anomers

Answer 6

Pair of stereoisomers that differ in configuration at the anomeric carbon

Question 7

Epimers

Answer 7

Differ in confirmation at only 1 chiral center

Question 8

Diastomers

Answer 8

Same formula but not entiomers

Question 9

Most biological sugars are:

Answer 9

D-entiomers

Question 10

Pyranose

Answer 10

6 membered ring

Question 11

Furnaces

Answer 11

5 membered ring

Question 12

Reducing sugar

Answer 12

sugar that reacts with oxidizing agents; with aldehyde or ketone (OH group anomeric)

Question 13

Carbonyl group

Answer 13

Non-reducing sugar

Question 14

Nonreducing carbon

Answer 14

Anomeric carbon is attached to another group it forms a glycosidic bond (nucleotides)

Question 15

How do plants store glucose

Answer 15

As starch in the form of Amylose or Amylopectin

Question 16

Amylose

Answer 16

Unbranded polymer of glucose; a(1-4 ) linkage

Question 17

Amylopectin

Answer 17

a (1-4) and a (1-6) every 8-12 residues

Question 18

How do animals store glucose

Answer 18

As glycogen

Question 19

Glycogen

Answer 19

a (1-4) and a (1-6) every 8-12 residues

Question 20

Sucrose

Answer 20

Alpha (1-2)

Question 21

Lactose

Answer 21

Beta (1-4)

Question 22

2 structural polysaccharides

Answer 22

Cellulose and Chitin; have extensive H bonding to strengthen the fibrils

Question 23

Cellulose

Answer 23

Most abundant polysaccharide (plant cell walls) Beta (1-4) linkage

Question 24

Chitin

Answer 24

Exoskeletons; Beta(1-4) linkage of N-acetyl glucosamine

Question 25

Oligosaccharides

Answer 25

Composed of glycoslyated extracellular proteins

Question 26

N-linked oligosaccharide

Answer 26

Linked to Asn side chain (nu) in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi;

Question 27

O-linked oligosaccharide

Answer 27

Linked to Ser Thr side chain (contain OH and use O to attach to sugar)l only in golgi

Question 28

Glycoproteins

Answer 28

Add stability to proteins; contain a wide variety of possible oligosaccharide modifications that swerve as unique identifies for cells

Question 29

AB

Answer 29

Universal recipient

Question 30

O type

Answer 30

Universal donor (does not produce A, B or O oligosaccharides)

Question 31

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Answer 31

Common group of heteropolysaccharides found in extracellular space

Question 32

Proteoglycans

Answer 32

Structural protein linked to GAGs that are in connective tissue

Question 33

GAG composition

Answer 33

Consist of repeating ironic acid and hexosamine residues

Question 34

Polar group function in GAGs

Answer 34

To attract H2O to help lubricate tissues

Question 35

Negative charges of GAGs

Answer 35

Repel each other to act as a shock absorber

Question 36

Peptidoglycan

Answer 36

Heteropolysaccharide composed of carbohydrates; make up composition of bacterial cell walls

Question 37

Composition of Peptidoglycan

Answer 37

Strands cross linked with tetrapeptides consisting in of n-acetylclucasmine (NAG) and n-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Question 38

2 layers of Peptidoglycan

Answer 38

Gram positive- thick layer (antibiotics to prescribe). Gram negative- thin layer

Question 39

Homopolymer

Answer 39

All monomers are the same a(1-4); starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Question 40

Hetropolmer

Answer 40

All monomers are different; Peptidoglycan, Chondroitin sulfate