Sugar receptors and lipids

Question 1

Sucrose

Answer 1

Glucose 1 anomeric alpha linked to anomeric #2 on fructose in beta formation
Non reducing

Question 2

Lactose

Answer 2

Galactose beta anomeric carbon 1 linked to carbon 4 of glucose beta
Reducing sugar

Question 3

Cellulose

Answer 3

Glucose beta 1 anomeric to carbon 4 of glucose in chain of 7-15k makes H bonds to other chains
Indigestible bacteria and cellulase
Most abundant polysaccharide in nature

Question 4

Chitin

Answer 4

N-Acetylglucosamine beta 1-4 to each other in chain

2nd most abundant polysaccharide in nature

Question 5

Amylose

Answer 5

Unbranched glucoses in alpha linked 1 anomeric to 4 carbon
Can be in thousands long
Broken down by amylase from pancreas
Starch

Question 6

Amylopectin

Answer 6

Alpha 1-4 linked glucoses up to 10^6 long with branches at 1-6 every 24-30 residues

Question 7

Glycogen

Answer 7

Alpha Glucose linked 1-4 with 1-6 branches every 8-14

Question 8

D-Ribose

Answer 8

CHO
       HCOH
       HCOH
       HCOH
          CH2OH
5 carbons long

Question 9

D-Glucose

Answer 9

CHO
       HCOH
    HOCH
       HCOH 
       HCOH 
          CH2OH

Question 10

D-Galactose

Answer 10

CHO
   HCOH
 HOCH
 HOCH
    HCOH
       CH2OH

Question 11

D-Ribulose

Answer 11

CH2OH
  CO
HCOH
HCOH
   CH2OH

5 carbons

Question 12

D-fructose

Answer 12

CH2OH
     CO
HOCH
   HCOH
   HCOH
      CH2OH

Question 13

Rhodopsin is what kind of receptor

Answer 13

G- protein coupled receptor

Question 14

G-Protein pathway?

Answer 14

Receptor bonds and inside it exchanges GDP for GTP

3 part subunit separates And activates 2nd messengers, PIP2 messenger or activated ion channels or other response

Question 15

RTK Pathway

Answer 15

RTK binding
Auto-phosphorylation
IRS-1 to PI3 kinase makes 
PIP 2 turn into PIP3
Which activates PDK 1 which triggers GLUT 4 transporter vesicle to fuse w/ membrane and begin taking up glucose

Question 16

Calculating delta G for crossing a membrane

Answer 16

Delta G= RT ln (C1/ C2)

If charged add to equation
+ ZFdelta Vm

Z= charge
F= Faradays constant
Vm= difference in concentration

Question 17

Water equation for crossing membrane

Answer 17

J=-P (C2-C1)

Question 18

Lipid protein link types

Answer 18

Fatty Acylation
Myristate linked via GLY N terminus

Palmitate thioester linkage to CYS
Found on cytoplasmic side and in lipid rafts
Thioster linkage can be cleaved to disassociate protein from membrane

Prenylation
Shorter with methyl side groups and trans double bond linked to CYS C terminus
Found on cytoplasmic side and not in lipid rafts

Question 19

GPI linked structure

Answer 19

Two tails— Glycerol backbone
Phospatidyl Inositol groups
4 core tetra-saccharide
Phosphate ethanolalimine link to C terminus of protein

Found on Luminal side and outside of cell in lipid rafts

Question 20

Examples of beta barrel integral membrane proteins

Answer 20

Found in out membranes of bacteria chloroplasts and mitochondria

Protease- OmpT
Ion transport FhuA
Ion Channel OmpA

Question 21

Examples of alpha helix membrane proteins

Answer 21

Stannin

Rhodopsin

Question 22

Flippase
Flop pass
Scramblase

Answer 22

Flip inside ATP
Flop outside ATP
Scramblase no energy needed uses concentration gradient

Question 23

Sphingolipids structure composition and types

Answer 23

Palmitate serine with trans bond at #2 carbon plus another lipid no trans makes a ceremide

Sphingomyelins phosphate to small head group found in myelin sheath

Cerebrosides head is polar sugar non ionic

Gangliosides oligosaccharide head with at least one sialic acid

Membrane and associated with lipid rafts

Question 24

Glycerophospholipid

Answer 24

Polar head group
Phosphate
Glycerol
Two tails stearate 18:0 and oleate 18:1 delta 9 cis

Question 25

Triglycerides

Answer 25

3 tails one glycerol almost all non polar
Palmitate 16:0
Stearate 18:0
Linoleoylglycerol 18:2 (9 and 12)