Sugar Derivatives

Question 1

Sugar derivatives definition

Answer 1

Sugar molecules that have modified with substituents other than hydroxyl groups

Question 2

Sugar derivatives include:

Answer 2

1. Deoxy sugars
2. Amino sugars
3. Sugar acids
4. Sugar alcohols

Question 3

Sugar acids

Answer 3

1. Aldonic acids:
   Result from oxidation of the aldehyde group (CHO) of aldoses to carboxyl group (COOH)
   Example: glutonic acid (oxidation in carbon 1)
2. Uronic acids:
   Result from oxidation of the primary alcohol group of aldoses to carboxyl group (CH2OH) (oxidation in carbon 6)
   Examples:
   -D-Glucuronic acid from glucose
   -L-Iduronic acid which is a component of chondroitin sulfate B

Question 4

Deoxy sugars

Answer 4

Hydroxyl group attached on C2 of sugars is replaced by a hydrogen atom
Example:
Deoxyribose (sugar present in DNA)

Question 5

Amino sugars

Answer 5

OH group on C2 replaced by amino group (NH2)
Examples:
1. Glucosamine: which is a constituent of hyaluronic acid and heparin
2. Galactosamine: which is a constituent of chondroitin sulfate

Question 6

Sugar alcohols

Answer 6

Result from reduction of the carbonyl group to alcohol group
Examples:
1. Sorbitol
Alcohol of glucose
It is an intermediate in the conversion of glucose to fructose in the seminal vesicles
2. Ribitol:
Alcohol of ribose
It is a component of riboflavin (vitamin B2)