sugar Flashcards
Name the 3 things to make up the Glomerular Filtration barrier.
- Fenestrated capillary endothelium.
- Double layer basement membrane.
- Foot processes of podocytes.
Name 5 factors that determine a molecule crossing the filtration barrier.
- Pressure.
- Size of the molecule.
- Charge of the molecule (negative molecules are repelled).
- Rate of blood flow.
- Binding to plasma proteins.
Is the ascending or descending limb of the loop of henle permeable to H2O?
Descending limb.
What ion is pumped out of the ascending limb into the medullary interstitium?
Na+. This increases the medullary osmolarity.
List the 3 main triggers for the release of Renin.
- Sympathetic stimulation.
- Low BP detected by afferent arteriole.
- Low Na+ detected by macula densa cells.
What is the function of ACE?
Converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2.
Where is ACE produced
pulmonary and renal endothelium surface
Where is aldosterone synthesised?
In the adrenal cortex by glomerulosa cells.
Where does aldosterone act?
On the principal cells in the nephron collecting duct.
What is the renal compensation mechanism for respiratory acidosis?
Increased ammonia production. H+ secretion increases and HCO3- reabsorption increases.
What is the renal compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
H+ secretion decreases and HCO3- reabsorption decreases.
What is the respiratory compensation mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
Chemoreceptors are stimulated enhancing respiration. PaCO2 decreases.
What is the respiratory compensation mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?
Chemoreceptors are inhibited reducing respiration. PaCO2 increase.
What layer of the trilaminar disc are the kidneys derived?
Intermediate mesoderm.
What are the names of the 3 paired kidneys that develop in the embryo?
- Pronephros.
- Mesonephros.
- Metanephros.
What does the mesonephros form?
The mesonephric ridge and duct.
What does the mesonephric duct form in the male?
The epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct.
What does the ureteric bud form?
The ureters, collecting duct, major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis.
What does the Müllerian duct form in females?
The uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and proximal 1/3 of vagina.
What part of the trilaminar disc are the bladder and urethra formed?
endoderm.
What layer of the trilaminar disc forms the male and female genitalia?
Intermediate mesoderm.
What is the indifferent stage?
When the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts are both present. It is impossible to tell the sex of the embryo.
When are embryos no longer indifferent?
indifferent until the end of the 6th week.
What causes the genital ridge to form ovarian tissue?
This happens by default due to the lack of a gonadal hormone influence. There is no Y chromosome and so no sex determining region and so no testis determining factor released.
Why does the mesonephric duct degenerate in a female?
Due to the absence of testosterone.
What does oestrogen stimulate?
The development of the female external genitalia and the differentiation of the Müllerian duct.
What does the female external genitalia develop from?
The urogenital sinus.
True or False: the ovary lies behind the broad ligament.
True.
What is the fornix?
The space between the cervix and the vagina.
What is the primitive streak?
A depression in the epiblast
What is the SRY protein called?
Testis determining factor: under its influence male development takes place.
What cells are responsible for secreting testosterone?
Interstitial cells of Leydig.
When do leydig cells start producing testosterone?
Week 8.
What does testosterone stimulate?
What does testosterone stimulate?
Why does the Müllerian duct degenerate?
Due to inhibiting substance being released from sertoli cells.
What is meckle’s diverticulum a remnant of?
The vitelline duct - connected the midgut to the yolk sac.
What layer of the trilaminar disc is the upper 2/3 of the anal canal derived from?
Endoderm.
What layer of the trilaminar disc is the lower 1/3 of the anal canal derived from?
Ectoderm.
What is the blood supply to the upper 2/3 of the anal canal?
The superior rectal artery (branch of IMA).
What is the blood supply to the lower 1/3 of the anal canal?
inferior rectal artery (branch of internal pudendal artery).
Which anal sphincter receives autonomic innervation and is involuntary?
The internal anal sphincter.
Which urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle?
internal urethral sphincter.
Do the urethral sphincters receive parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation?
Sympathetic.
