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sugar Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 things to make up the Glomerular Filtration barrier.

A
  1. Fenestrated capillary endothelium.
  2. Double layer basement membrane.
  3. Foot processes of podocytes.
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2
Q

Name 5 factors that determine a molecule crossing the filtration barrier.

A
  1. Pressure.
  2. Size of the molecule.
  3. Charge of the molecule (negative molecules are repelled).
  4. Rate of blood flow.
  5. Binding to plasma proteins.
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3
Q

Is the ascending or descending limb of the loop of henle permeable to H2O?

A

Descending limb.

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4
Q

What ion is pumped out of the ascending limb into the medullary interstitium?

A

Na+. This increases the medullary osmolarity.

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5
Q

List the 3 main triggers for the release of Renin.

A
  1. Sympathetic stimulation.
  2. Low BP detected by afferent arteriole.
  3. Low Na+ detected by macula densa cells.
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6
Q

What is the function of ACE?

A

Converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2.

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7
Q

Where is ACE produced

A

pulmonary and renal endothelium surface

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8
Q

Where is aldosterone synthesised?

A

In the adrenal cortex by glomerulosa cells.

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9
Q

Where does aldosterone act?

A

On the principal cells in the nephron collecting duct.

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10
Q

What is the renal compensation mechanism for respiratory acidosis?

A

Increased ammonia production. H+ secretion increases and HCO3- reabsorption increases.

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11
Q

What is the renal compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?

A

H+ secretion decreases and HCO3- reabsorption decreases.

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12
Q

What is the respiratory compensation mechanism for metabolic acidosis?

A

Chemoreceptors are stimulated enhancing respiration. PaCO2 decreases.

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13
Q

What is the respiratory compensation mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?

A

Chemoreceptors are inhibited reducing respiration. PaCO2 increase.

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14
Q

What layer of the trilaminar disc are the kidneys derived?

A

Intermediate mesoderm.

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15
Q

What are the names of the 3 paired kidneys that develop in the embryo?

A
  1. Pronephros.
  2. Mesonephros.
  3. Metanephros.
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16
Q

What does the mesonephros form?

A

The mesonephric ridge and duct.

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17
Q

What does the mesonephric duct form in the male?

A

The epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct.

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18
Q

What does the ureteric bud form?

A

The ureters, collecting duct, major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis.

19
Q

What does the Müllerian duct form in females?

A

The uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and proximal 1/3 of vagina.

20
Q

What part of the trilaminar disc are the bladder and urethra formed?

A

endoderm.

21
Q

What layer of the trilaminar disc forms the male and female genitalia?

A

Intermediate mesoderm.

22
Q

What is the indifferent stage?

A

When the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts are both present. It is impossible to tell the sex of the embryo.

23
Q

When are embryos no longer indifferent?

A

indifferent until the end of the 6th week.

24
Q

What causes the genital ridge to form ovarian tissue?

A

This happens by default due to the lack of a gonadal hormone influence. There is no Y chromosome and so no sex determining region and so no testis determining factor released.

25
Q

Why does the mesonephric duct degenerate in a female?

A

Due to the absence of testosterone.

26
Q

What does oestrogen stimulate?

A

The development of the female external genitalia and the differentiation of the Müllerian duct.

27
Q

What does the female external genitalia develop from?

A

The urogenital sinus.

28
Q

True or False: the ovary lies behind the broad ligament.

A

True.

29
Q

What is the fornix?

A

The space between the cervix and the vagina.

30
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

A depression in the epiblast

31
Q

What is the SRY protein called?

A

Testis determining factor: under its influence male development takes place.

32
Q

What cells are responsible for secreting testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig.

33
Q

When do leydig cells start producing testosterone?

A

Week 8.

34
Q

What does testosterone stimulate?

A

What does testosterone stimulate?

35
Q

Why does the Müllerian duct degenerate?

A

Due to inhibiting substance being released from sertoli cells.

36
Q

What is meckle’s diverticulum a remnant of?

A

The vitelline duct - connected the midgut to the yolk sac.

37
Q

What layer of the trilaminar disc is the upper 2/3 of the anal canal derived from?

A

Endoderm.

38
Q

What layer of the trilaminar disc is the lower 1/3 of the anal canal derived from?

A

Ectoderm.

39
Q

What is the blood supply to the upper 2/3 of the anal canal?

A

The superior rectal artery (branch of IMA).

40
Q

What is the blood supply to the lower 1/3 of the anal canal?

A

inferior rectal artery (branch of internal pudendal artery).

41
Q

Which anal sphincter receives autonomic innervation and is involuntary?

A

The internal anal sphincter.

42
Q

Which urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle?

A

internal urethral sphincter.

43
Q

Do the urethral sphincters receive parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation?

A

Sympathetic.

suger covered (2 decks)

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