sucliffe Flashcards
Eukaryotics
histones, linear DNA, membrane bound, bigger ribosomes
Prokaryotes
no protein, circular DNA, no membrane bound, smaller ribosomes
G1
cell growth protein synthesis
S
DNA replication
G2
growth and preparation for mitosis
prophase
chromosomes are short and fat nucleus envelope breaks, start to form spindle fibres
metaphase
chromosome line across equator spindle fibres attaché to centromere
Anaphase
spindle fibres contract sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
telophase
spindle fibres disintegrate chromatids are now chromosomes, nucleur envelope forms
cytosine
cell divides along middle two identical daughter cells
findings melson and sahlin
DNA with combination of heavy original strands and light new strands settled in the middle
cancer
uncontrolled cell division resulting from mutation which can cause a malignant tumour
malignant
the ability of a tumour to spread to form secondary tumours
benign
a tumour that does not or has not spread
how many naturally occurring amino acids are there
20
what is a amino acid a monomer for
proteins
amino acid + amino acid
dipeptide through condensation reaction
biuret test
test for the presence of protein
positive biuret test result
blue to violet
primary structure of protein
the sequence of amino acids
secondary structure of protein
hydrogen bonds form between folded peptide forming alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
amorphous regions
within secondary structure still within a chain no shape
tertiary protein structure
precise threodimensionl structure with hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphite bonds, van Der woals forces
what bonds are broken by tempreture
van der waal’s, hydrogen
what bonds are broken by reducing agents
disulphide
what are iconic bonds broken by
change in PH
Quaterny structure
multiple polypeptides joined in one protein
variables effecting enzyme activity
enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, ph, temperature
what do enzymes do
lower the activation energy
substrates have a complementary shape to what
the active site
lock and key model
proposed that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly
induced fit model
when an enzyme and substrate come together there interaction causes a small shift in the enzymes structure
competitive inhibitors
chemicals that slow down the rate or stop the reaction
non- competitive inhibitors
binds to somewhere else on the enzyme
allostretic site
place where non competitive inhibitor binds too
intraspecefic competition
when individuals of the same species compete for resources
interspecific competition
when individuals of different species compete for resources
random sampling
compare two areas
transect sampling
looking for change in organisms over a certain distance
capture mark recapture equation
total on first X total on second / recaptured on second
Gene
A section of dna that contains coded information for making proteins & RNA
Degenerate
Most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet
Non overlapping
Each base in the sequence is only read once
Universal
Each triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms
MRNA
single helix strand
RNA qualities
TRNA
Single stranded chain folded into a clover shape anticodon loop held together by hydrogen bonds between specific base pairs
Has anticodon and amino acid binding site
Pre- mRNA
Contains introns which need to be removed
Deletion or addition mutation
Lead to frame shift will effect polypeptide
Substitution
May or may not affect the polypeptide but only effects one amino acid
